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As this active hurricane season continues. more coastal cities are changing how they build as a way to prevent against the effects of climate change.In Margate, New Jersey, a city of 6,000 people just south of Atlantic City, a -million beach replenishment project completed in 2017 created an eight-mile stretch of dunes along the beach to protect homes against storm surge from hurricanes and nor’easters.The project involved pumping 3.8 million cubic yards of sand from the ocean floor onto the beach. The sand was used to create a berm along the west side of the beach, closest to the homes, that could protect against storm surges of up to 15 feet while more sand was placed along the shoreline, extending the beach and moving the waves further away from properties.“I think the beach replenishment project is very important,” said Nee Jersey Department of Environmental Protection chief resiliency officer Dave Rosenblatt. “Without it, we would’ve expected to see a lot more damage from Sandy and frankly, normal nor’easters.”Superstorm Sandy in the fall of 2012 was the catalyst for the project. The storm’s worst damage was felt about 100 miles north of Margate where the boardwalk was ripped up and homes were left without power for days, and in some cases, weeks.“After Sandy, it was very easy to compare the areas that had beach replenishments and dunes to those that did not,” said Rosenblatt.But Margate is just an example of several coastal cities around the country that are doing things differently.“As the sea level rises, most people are more worried about what’s going to be underwater. That’s not as important as the flood plane is expanding,” said Galen Newman, associate professor of Landscape Architecture and Urban Planning at Texas A&M. “I think there are many cities exploring options.”After Hurricane Harvey, Houston built more greenspace in its downtown area so water could better drain. On the Texas coast, near Galveston, engineers have been considering a dike to stop flooding. After Hurricane Ike in 2008, the area withstood billions in damages, and experts worry the next strong storm to target the area could cause catastrophic effects to the economy as the area is America's leading producer of petroleum.Furthermore, in parts of Florida, new building codes now mandate buildings withstand winds of up to 130 MPH,, a low-end Category 4 hurricane. A study by the Institute for Business and Home Safety found the change has worked as insurance claims have gone down in number and severity since the year 2000. 2556

As wildfires scorch parts of the country, COVID-19 has sidelined a critical group of firefighters: prison inmates. The shortage comes as states are on pace for what could be a relentless fire season.CalFire, the state agency tasked with fighting and preventing wildfires in California, has already responded to over 4,100 fires as of June this year. Compare that to an average of 2,500 in recent years.“This year, we’re seeing something more typical of year’s past, we’re seeing these small starts that are growing into bigger fires," said Thomas Shoots, a CalFire public information officer. "We have a 25,000-acre fire burning up in Fresno now.” Responsible for protecting millions of acres across the state, CalFire relies on help from crews of inmates from the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation.“These are inmates who’ve chosen to help out California by joining these fire crews, and they’re a huge resource for the state,” said Shoots.Roughly 2,200 prison inmates are trained to work on the fire line, but COVID-19 has depleted their ranks.Of the state’s 118 staffed crews, 41 were quarantined because of prison outbreaks as of July 16, eliminating hundreds of firefighters at a critical time.States like Arizona, Colorado, Washington State, and Oregon also deploy inmates to wildfires, but in far fewer numbers than California.“We’re sitting much shorter than we have been in the past, but we’ve also taken a lot of aggressive steps to make sure we have enough folks for when these fires happen,” said Shoots.The state is hiring 858 paid firefighters to fill the void. They could also turn to the California National Guard and out-of-state resources if needed.“It continues to be a concern that COVID-19 could come in and decimate our staffing, but that hasn’t happened because we’re taking every precaution we can.”Like wildfires, COVID-19 has proved destructive and unpredictable, but firefighters stand ready to battle them both. 1968

As more people turn to ketamine infusions to treat depression, researchers issue a new warning, comparing the drug to opioids.The infusions are offered at clinics located across the country. Scientists believe ketamine may treat symptoms of depression by blocking receptors on the brain.At Florida’s Ketamine Health Centers, clinical director May Nunez says they've seen an 85 percent success rate.“A lot of our patients come in, and they are highly suicidal. They are very treatment resistant,” explains Nunez. “They're experiencing high levels of depression. They have one infusion administered, and they come out. I'm basically looking at those symptoms are gone.”But new research from Stanford University is raising questions about using the drug over a long period of time.When patients in the study took an opioid blocker, researchers said their symptoms didn't improve, suggesting ketamine has to activate opioid receptors before treating depression.Researchers say that doesn't mean you shouldn't use ketamine, but instead, that more studies need to be done to fully understand ketamine before it's widely used in the long-term.Nunez says the side effects she's seen have been minimal.“So, what I always tell the patients is, you know, you're not going to get worse,” says Nunez. “You're either going to be in remission, sore or you're simply not going to respond.” 1386

Attending college from a laptop in your childhood bedroom might not be the experience you had in mind.But just because you’re not living in a dorm this fall doesn’t mean that expenses disappear. Your cost of attendance might have changed if you’re learning remotely due to COVID-19, but colleges will factor at-home or off-campus living expenses into your overall costs.And you can still use financial aid — including student loans — to pay for them.How cost of attendance worksColleges determine their own cost of attendance for each academic year. This amount factors in all of your direct costs including tuition, fees, room and board, as well as estimates for books, supplies, technology and transportation. Schools often have different cost-of-attendance calculations for students who live in dorms, off campus or even in another state.Your financial aid and student loans are applied first toward tuition and fees, then room and board. Any remaining funds are distributed to you to use for living expenses.Your aid package might shift if your cost of attendance changes.For example, you can borrow money only up to the total cost of attendance; if that number goes down, so does the amount you can borrow. And if any part of your aid package is pegged to living on campus and you no longer are, your aid could change.How cost of attendance is different this yearCost of attendance is adjusted annually, but some schools are modifying their calculations due to the pandemic. For example, Williams College, a private school in Williamstown, Massachusetts, reduced its cost of attendance for 2020-21 by 15%. Williams College is planning a hybrid of in-person and remote learning — students can live on campus if they want to.Schools that go fully remote will have few — or no — options for on-campus housing. And that could mean heading back to your parents’ house or finding off-campus accommodations.Your school might break down the cost of attendance according to your living situation. Here’s what 2020-21 looks like at the University of California, Berkeley, for example, where students will attend remotely for the start of the fall semester:Living in a campus residence hall: ,460.Living in an on-campus apartment: ,876.Living in an off-campus apartment: ,920.Living with relatives: ,492.If your school goes remote, the cost of attendance will be modified for all students. But if you have the choice to return to campus and stay home instead, you must let the college know your plans so your cost is adjusted.“It’s actually less expensive if students stay home and take classes remotely,” says William Hudson Jr., vice president for student affairs at Florida A&M University in Tallahassee, which is planning a hybrid approach.Cost of attendance represents the ceiling on what you can borrow. Every dollar you don’t have to borrow is a dollar you don’t have to repay, with interest, down the road. That means if you stay home rent-free or share an apartment with others to save on living costs, you’re way ahead in the long run.Here are some possible college living arrangements you’ll have in the fall and how to pay for them:Living on campus for in-person or online classesIf your school is operating an in-person or hybrid model where you live on campus, your cost of attendance won’t change, which means your financial aid won’t change either.But your campus could close during the school year due to COVID-19. If this happens, as it did to many colleges last spring, your school will likely reimburse a prorated amount for nontuition costs like room, board and facility fees.Multiple schools that are planning to open in person are also moving to remote instruction after Thanksgiving break. Some schools are also staggering move-in dates. Those factors could alter the total cost of room and board you’re paying this semester.For example, at Penn State University, students will start the fall semester in person but switch to remote learning in late November. To reflect this change, the cost of a standard double room was lowered by 7 — from ,427 to ,820 — and the midlevel meal plan was lowered from ,449 to ,193.Living off campus on your own or with roommatesLiving off campus, you won’t have room and board taken into consideration, but you’ll have additional expenses like rent, groceries and utilities. You can use financial aid to pay these bills.Colleges often use regional data and student surveys to come up with estimates for off-campus rent and utilities, and oftentimes those amounts aren’t too different from living on campus, says Jill Desjean, policy analyst at the National Association of Student Financial Aid Administrators. However, your school will always consider living off campus to be cheaper than living on campus.Montclair State University in New Jersey, for example, estimates that housing and meals for in-state students who live off campus will cost ,068 for the fall semester, compared with ,193 for room and board on campus.Living at home with your parentsYour expenses may be lower at home with your parents than living on your own or on campus, but colleges will factor into their estimates the costs your parents take on by having you home, Desjean says.“When you bring that student back in, the lights are on longer, you have to feed them so the cost of food goes up, heating — everything goes up,” Desjean says. You can use financial aid to offset your contribution to increased home bills.And remember that the school’s cost of attendance impacts how much financial aid you can get, but it’s an estimate rather than an exhaustive list. You might need additional technology and equipment to learn more effectively from home, such as a dedicated desk setup and laptop if you don’t have one.How to get more funds for living expensesIf you or your family run into financial difficulty during the school year, ask your school about getting more financial aid. This requires you to submit a financial aid appeal to your school with a letter and to update the Free Application for Federal Student Aid, or FAFSA.You might also qualify for emergency aid such as cash grants, completion scholarships, emergency student loans or vouchers.More From NerdWalletWhat Is College Cost of Attendance?7 Kinds of COVID-19 Relief for College StudentsCollege During COVID-19: Your Aid Questions AnsweredAnna Helhoski is a writer at NerdWallet. Email: anna@nerdwallet.com. Twitter: @AnnaHelhoski. 6470

As school districts across the country prepare to send kids back to school in-person, many bus drivers are voicing concerns about the potential for COVID-19 to spread on school buses, where oftentimes social distancing is nearly impossible.For the better part of 32 years, Cheryl Merritt has driven a school bus in Hanover, Massachusetts. She has driven in every kind of weather condition imaginable, but this is the first year she’ll be driving a bus during a pandemic.“I just want all the kids on the bus to stay safe and the drivers to stay safe. If we have a driver who gets sick, they’re going to be out for at least 14 days,” she lamented, as she turned her bus onto a side street in a residential New England town.Merritt’s concerns are shared by school bus drivers and districts across the country. Many school bus drivers have retired from other professions, meaning their age makes them more susceptible to catching the virus.“I don’t want this, I don’t. I’m not ready to die,” the 61-year-old Merritt said.School buses are presenting a particularly difficult challenge as districts try to send kids back to the classroom. When fully loaded with kids, most school buses fit about 77 students. Cramming students into a bus though would be a perfect place for COVID-19 to spread, so many states are advising bus companies to have only one student per bench. But taking some bus capacity down to about 12 kids means school districts would need to run double or triple the number of trips each day just to pick every child up.Transportation experts say adding more buses would be nearly impossible given a nationwide bus driver shortage, which existed long before the outbreak.“It doesn’t matter what you’re gonna do with kids once you get them to school, you have to get them there first,” explained David Strong, who works with the School Transportation Association of Massachusetts.Strong’s other concern is that kids won’t adhere to social distancing guidelines or mask-wearing requirements once they get onto a bus.“There’s almost no way to realistically social distance on a bus,” he added.To address concerns about the spread of COVID, many school districts are mandating that school buses keep their windows open year-round to help with the flow of air. Some districts are also adding bus monitors to ensure kids, especially elementary school students, are following new guidelines.As for Merritt, she sees herself and other bus drivers as the first line of defense when it comes to keeping COVID-19 out of the classroom.“When you stop to pick up a child look at them, make sure they don’t look sickly or they’re coughing,” she said. 2655

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