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Neanderthals may not have been that different from us, after all.New evidence reveals that they created the world's oldest known cave paintings and even wore seashells as body ornaments. Both behaviors suggest that they thought symbolically and had an artistic sensibility like modern humans. Two studies published Thursday in the journal Science detail the latest findings."Undoubtedly it is showing that Neanderthals were thinking and behaving just like modern humans," Alistair Pike, co-author of the studies and professor of archaeological sciences at the University of Southampton, wrote in an email."We should no longer think of them as a different species, just humans in different places," he said.The new findings of symbolic thinking show that Neanderthals and modern humans were cognitively indistinguishable, the researchers said.Cave paintings and artifacts like painted seashells have long been regarded as the work of early modern humans, who were thought to have more advanced cognitive abilities than Neanderthals. Dating cave paintings can be a difficult process, and unreliable techniques never allowed for the possibility that these could be the work of Neanderthals.Until now, that is. A new technique called Uranium-Thorium dating is less destructive, is more accurate and can go back further in time than other methods. U-Th dating looks at the deposits of carbonate on top of the paint, which contain traces of uranium and thorium that indicate when those deposits formed. That allows the researchers to determine an age for what's under the deposits.The researchers applied this technique to paintings in the La Pasiega, Maltravieso and Ardales caves in Spain, which had never received "robust" dating. The paintings include red and black images of animals, dots, lines, disks and other geometric signs. There also are engravings, hand prints and hand stencils.Those hand stencils are particularly significant, and not just because they represent the hand size of a Neanderthal."A red line, a red dot or even a positive hand print could potentially be made 'accidentally,' " wrote Dirk Hoffmann, lead author of the studies and archaeologist with the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, in an email."Of course, I am sure that this is not the case, since you would still need to bring [in] light and pigment, but one could argue that all you need is some pigment on your hand when you lean against a wall. A hand stencil cannot be explained like that. You have to hold your hand against the wall and the deliberately spray pigment over this. This is why we emphasize the hand stencil."The dating revealed that the cave art was created more than 64,000 years ago -- 20,000 years before modern humans appeared in what is now considered Europe.The shells were found in the Cueva de los Aviones, a sea cave in southeastern Spain. They are unique because they are perforated with holes and colored with red and yellow pigment. Others served as containers for the mineral pigments themselves. The pigments were used on the shells but could have also been used for the cave paintings and even as body paint.The deposit layer containing the shells dated to 115,000 years ago, which is even older than other shells recovered in Africa that were dated to modern humans."The standard archaeological interpretation of such finds is that they are body ornaments," Hoffmann said. "Similar finds were made in Africa or the Levant with similar age. In Africa or the Levant, these were made by modern humans, in Spain Neanderthals made them. So in terms of symbolism, early modern humans and Neanderthals were similar."The researchers are absolutely confident in their dating technique."We have spent 10 years refining the technique and have numerous quality controls," Pike said. "The dates respect the growth axis of the deposits we are dating, the oldest closest to the painting, the youngest at the surface."Once modern humans left Africa and migrated to Europe and other areas, mixing with the Neanderthals would've been inevitable. The researchers believe that the Neanderthals created this artwork on their own, without being influenced by any other population. But it's possible that they exchanged symbolism or that Neanderthals influenced the art and symbolism of modern humans. Modern humans were capable of symbolic behavior, so it "turns the who's copying who debate on its head," Pike said."The idea that culture only evolved with modern humans no longer makes sense," Pike said. Hoffmann suggested that Neanderthals now be referred to as "very close cousins" of modern humans.Is it possible that anyone else may have created the cave paintings?Pike said it is incredibly doubtful that a population of early modern humans migrated to Europe so early without any other evidence to suggest it."We cannot of course rule out that pre-Neanderthal populations made the art," Pike said. "This sounds like a project for the future."Hoffmann, Pike and their colleagues want to use their new dating technique in more caves in Spain, as well as France and Italy -- and anywhere else Neanderthals are known to lived.The findings also raise new questions for researchers."How far back does symbolic behavior go? Can it be traced to the last common ancestor of modern humans and Neanderthals? This is perhaps where we should be looking," Pike said. 5398

National lab companies are offering antibody tests as part of their return to work offerings, but doctors are warning these tests shouldn't be used yet to determine whether it's safe for you to be back in an office.“There is not a perfect antibody test out there right now to determine an individual’s immunity to COVID-19,” said Dr. Susan Bailey, President of the American Medical Association. “The tests are getting better. We've come a long way in the last few months, but we're certainly not ready to do anything like give someone an immunity certificate or anything like that.Quest Diagnostics and LabCorp are two companies offering the testing to employers.LabCorp does say that antibody testing should not be used as the sole basis to diagnose or exclude COVID-19 infection.Quest Diagnostics also emphasizes it is unknown how long antibodies persist following infection, and if the presence of antibodies gives you immunity.That's something the American Medical Association agrees with.“Everything needs to be taken in context. Have you been exposed to COVID-19? How careful have you been? Have you been in any settings where you might have been inadvertently exposed?” asked Bailey. “The lab values themselves may not mean a whole lot. We still have a lot to learn when it comes to what defines immunity to COVID-19.”Bailey also points to early studies on antibodies that indicate they may not last very long. She says she's not sure antibody testing is ever going to be the way to go to determine when someone is safe to go back to work.If you do get an antibody test, it's important to go over it with your doctor so they can help you understand the significance of it.The American Medical Association says antibody tests can be helpful to try to see how many people in an area have been exposed to COVID-19, and also for determining if someone who had COVID-19 is eligible to donate plasma. 1909

NATIONAL CITY, Calif. (KGTV) -- A car flipped into the front yard of a home in National City late Sunday night, police say. According to police, the crash happened on the 2500 block of Ridgeway Drive around 11:30 p.m. Police say the driver of the vehicle somehow lost control of the vehicle, flipping over and landing in the front of the home. The car then caught fire, but crews were able to quickly extinguish the flames before they spread. According to police, the crash took out a fence, street sign and a mail box. The driver fled the scene after the crash, sparking a hit-and-run investigation. 609

More than seventy years ago, U.S. soldier Robert Maynard lost a small leather pouch on a beach in Italy while serving in World War II. Neatly tucked away inside that pouch were a family rosary and a small note with details on who the pouch belonged to.“I remember him saying at one point that his only regret was the fact that he had lost the rosary and it was his mom's and it was a special rosary," Robert's son, Tim Maynard, said. "It had a relic inside of it. And that kept him safe and alive that whole time."His father deployed from England and was one of the thousands of soldiers to make the trek across the English Channel during World War II.“He landed on D-Day, plus two on Normandy beach,” Maynard said.Robert Maynard was 19 years old and had the rosary on him just 52 days after D-Day while fighting to liberate France.“He remembers getting shot, he remembers falling forward in knocking out a couple of his teeth," Tim Maynard said, recalling one of the few stories his father told about the war. "And then his partner, Joe, saved him and took about two or three steps away from after that, and was shot himself.”Joseph Driscoll of Buffalo, New York, died that day. Tim’s father would head off for recovery back in England.“He owed everything to Joe,” Maynard said.It’s not clear when Robert Maynard traveled to Italy. The one thing that is clear is the leather pouch made it from the beach in Italy to Mt. Orab, Ohio, by catching a ride with another soldier – Charles Werley – who stumbled across it.“My mother, she was probably in her 80s," Werley's daughter, Gail Tucker, said. "She gave it to me and told me that my father had found it during World War II in Italy on a beach."Charles Werley brought it home and had plans to try to find its owner. Inside the leather cover was a piece of paper with the name of the soldier, Robert Maynard. Tucker said life got in the way and one thing after another seemed to delay the process.Though it’s not clear on which beach the pouch was found, the biggest clue the family had was a chunk of the Leaning Tower of Pisa, a white piece of marble taken by Werley during a visit to Pisa Province.“He said he stuck his bayonet in like a hole in it and got him a chunk of it,” said Phillip Werley, Charles Werley’s son.In May of 2020, Gail Tucker emailed WCPO asking for help in tracking down the rightful owner or at least the family of the soldier.“I’m hoping they can be found because it’s really a unique piece, I think as a family heirloom,” Tucker said. “It’s time; it’s past time.”The piece of paper inside the pouch was a huge lead -- Robert Maynard's name to go off of to start the search. However, family members listening to attempts to contact them thought it was a scam, perhaps trying to profit somehow off the now-deceased Robert Maynard.“He's probably gotten together with Gail's father, up in heaven or wherever they may be. And said to each other, 'Hey, we got to get this thing back to the family,'" Tim Maynard said. "'So you put a nudge into your daughter. I'll put a nudge into my son to not be afraid to take a call from a mysterious anchor from Cincinnati, and go from there.'"The rosary beads belonged to Tim Maynard's grandmother. She gave them to Robert to carry for protection during the war.While his father is gone, Tim said, having the rosary back in the family is extra special.“It's just amazing to have something, you know, that was with him through those times. Back in hand,” he said. “Years and years and years have passed since he touched them. But the things that he went through while that was in his possession speak volumes and the energy is still there with it, as I believe his energy's with it.”This story was first reported by Craig McKee at WCPO in Cincinnati, Ohio. 3773

More than 100 college newsrooms across the country plan to flood social media with editorials emphasizing the importance of student media on Wednesday, as well as calls for alumni donations.It's all part of a campaign called #SaveStudentNewsrooms -- an effort spearheaded by the editors at the Independent Florida Alligator, the student paper at the University of Florida. Editors there said they learned that Southern Methodist University's paper -- The Daily Campus -- would have to re-affiliate with the university due to lack of funding.Lack of funding is an issue that various student publications around the country have been facing, as it puts editorial independence in jeopardy."The whole idea behind the call to action day was to start a conversation about the state of student media in the US," said Melissa Gomez, the editor-in-chief of The Independent Florida Alligator. "Some people who may be removed from the university and or their publication may not realize that student newsrooms don't look like they did 20 years ago. Some of them have folded. Some of them are struggling to survive the next month. Others don't really have a secured future. And we want people to be aware of that."The Independent Florida Alligator is still separate from its university, but Gomez said it has faced other issues, such as a 7% pay cut across the board for its staff and other financial constraints.Gomez and her fellow editors plan to spend Wednesday pushing online content to raise awareness for #SaveStudentNewsrooms and highlighting the editorials of other student-run publications, she said. Some of of these editorials have already been posted on the campaign's website.The Daily Orange, the student-run paper at Syracuse University, is one of the 117 publications that will be participating Wednesday. Last week, the paper published a video of Syracuse's Theta Tau fraternity chapter exhibiting "extremely racist" behavior, after the university said it would not be releasing the video, according to Alexa Díaz, the editor-in-chief of The Daily Orange."I think that was the power of independent journalism as well, is that we were able to do that and able to put that content out there, and we're not telling people to watch it or not watch it," Díaz said. "We just believe in the accessibility of information being a platform where community members can watch these videos and formulate their own opinions accordingly."Along with posting an editorial, Díaz said The Daily Orange will be showing off its newsroom in a Facebook live video and sharing staff photos for Wednesday's event. The paper's staff also plans to urge its alumni to participate."I'm extremely proud of our staff and I think when it comes to the independence factor and being students, everyone likes to say, 'Oh you're the student newspaper,' or, 'Oh you're a student journalist,' but I mean student journalism doesn't really exist, it's just journalism," Díaz said.Even after the unofficial Support Student Journalism Day is over, Gomez and her peers plan to continue raising awareness."We're still going to be advocating for a conversation about the state of student media to happen," Gomez said. "Because we don't want these papers to just disappear and fold or be under the control of their university without editorial independence, because at that point they stop being a resource for their community and they just start being a public relations arm." 3465

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