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Since it landed on Mars in 2012 NASA's Curiosity rover has been exploring Gale Crater, a vast, dry ancient lake bed with a mountain at its center. Now, Curiosity has found sediments containing sulfate salt in the crater, which suggest it once held salty lakes.A range of salts have been found on Mars in different locations. Researchers interpret these as evidence of ancient brines. Salty water formations seemed to increase on the Martian surface as the planet transitioned to an arid climate 3.5 billion years ago.The new detection of sulfate salts came from sedimentary rocks dated to between 3.3 and 3.7 billion years ago. Curiosity has analyzed other, older rocks on Mars and didn't detect these salts in them.Researchers believe the salt is evidence of the crater's lake evaporating in the Red Planet's arid environment. They also believe studying younger rocks in the future could shed more light on how the Martian surface dried out.Gale Crater was created by an ancient impact, then filled in with sediment layers over time. Mount Sharp, the mountain at its center, was created by wind erosion of the hardened sediment layers. Those same layers act like chapters in the history of Mars and provide clues to its environment at each point in time.At the time the sulfate salts were present, lakes were probably scattered across the crater floor, fed by streams in the crater walls. Over time, the streams would overflow and then evaporate, trapped in a repetitive cycle taking place over millions of years.The findings were published Monday in the journal 1576

Ray graduated from college with an associate degree in the arts. He plans to head to Cleveland State University in the spring to study film directing, school officials said. 185

Some families pass down jewelry, watches or even recipes. But a Michigan family has its own heirloom: a 141-year-old fruitcake. “It’s a great thing,” said Julie Ruttinger, the great great granddaughter of Fidelia Ford, who baked the cake in 1878. “It was tradition. It’s a legacy.”The cake was initially preserved to honor Ford. She established a tradition of baking the cake and letting it age for a year before serving it during holiday seasons. Ford died at age 65 before her 1878 cake could be eaten, and by the time the holidays arrived, the family considered her handiwork a legacy, not food. Until his 2013 death, the cake was in the care of Ruttinger’s father, Morgan Ford, who was Fidelia Ford’s great-grandson. He had stored it in an antique glass dish on the top shelf of a china cabinet in his Tecumseh home — which is where it remains today.“He took care of it to the day he left the earth,” Ruttinger said. “We knew it meant a lot to him.”Guinness World Records doesn’t have an entry for the oldest fruitcake, but as for cakes in general, the Ford fruitcake is nowhere near the world’s oldest, 1120

Serena Williams and Naomi Osaka — the grand slam leader in the professional tennis era and newcomer who had surged to the last two majors — both exited the French Open on Saturday in a double shock.Osaka was the first to depart in the afternoon 6-4 and 6-2 to Katerina Siniakova of the Czech Republic before Williams fell to fellow American Sofia Kenin 6-2 and 7-5 in a dramatic evening contest.Williams was short of matches entering the French Open, completing a mere three after her eventful Australian Open that ended with an ankle injury in a quarterfinal defeat.Illness, but more prominently of late, a knee injury have kept the winner of 23 majors on the sidelines.Yet any tournament the 37-year-old plays in is one she can win. And when Williams recovered from a set and break down to lead her 35th-ranked rival 5-4 in the second set, few would have bet against her.Her smooth, potent serve started to click and the 10th seed had the fans on Philippe Chatrier court behind her, especially as Kenin contested several line calls.But her 20-year-old foe, born in Moscow, hung in there and broke for 6-5 in a game that began with Williams erring long on a forehand with Kenin stranded.Williams had one more chance but sent a forehand wide on break point. Then on a second match point, her backhand sailed long.Osaka, meanwhile, admitted the French Open was just too much to handle.The world No. 1 saw her bid to become the first female player since her idol Williams in 2015 to claim three straight majors come to an end.Different feeling"Definitely I think this tournament I have had a feeling that was different to the other grand slams, or every other grand slam that I have played, because usually I find it very freeing and fun, and this time around I was kind of tense the entire time," Osaka told reporters.The fatigue that Osaka said she felt against Siniakova might have been a result. And she suspected headaches she experienced earlier at the clay-court major were because of stress.Still, her level of disappointment at exiting was off the charts."It would go from one to 10 and I'm like at a 100 right now," said Osaka.When Osaka remarked before the tournament that she sought a calendar year grand slam -- last achieved by Steffi Graf in 1988 -- it could have been interpreted as a tongue in cheek comment or at least a goal for further down the road.Osaka is still only 21.Thinking about calendar year slamBut she clearly focused on doing it this year, which she called a mistake."I think I was overthinking this calendar slam," said Osaka. "For me this is something that I have wanted to do forever, but I think I have to think about it like if it was that easy, everyone would have done it."I just have to keep training hard and put myself in a position again to do it hopefully."Osaka is adapting to the clay but she is a quick study, evidenced by a 7-1 record on the surface this season entering the French Open.That combined with her performances at the US Open -- 3000

Rudy Giuliani, President Donald Trump's lawyer, said the line special counsel Robert Mueller wrote in his report about not exonerating Trump on obstruction of justice is a "cheap shot.""This is a cheap shot," Giuliani told CNN's Chris Cuomo on "Cuomo Prime Time," adding, "This is unprofessional."Mueller's investigation of whether the President committed obstruction of justice did not conclude the President committed a crime, but it also "does not exonerate him," Attorney General William Barr quoted from Mueller in his summary to Congress of the special counsel's report. 588

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