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Neanderthals may not have been that different from us, after all.New evidence reveals that they created the world's oldest known cave paintings and even wore seashells as body ornaments. Both behaviors suggest that they thought symbolically and had an artistic sensibility like modern humans. Two studies published Thursday in the journal Science detail the latest findings."Undoubtedly it is showing that Neanderthals were thinking and behaving just like modern humans," Alistair Pike, co-author of the studies and professor of archaeological sciences at the University of Southampton, wrote in an email."We should no longer think of them as a different species, just humans in different places," he said.The new findings of symbolic thinking show that Neanderthals and modern humans were cognitively indistinguishable, the researchers said.Cave paintings and artifacts like painted seashells have long been regarded as the work of early modern humans, who were thought to have more advanced cognitive abilities than Neanderthals. Dating cave paintings can be a difficult process, and unreliable techniques never allowed for the possibility that these could be the work of Neanderthals.Until now, that is. A new technique called Uranium-Thorium dating is less destructive, is more accurate and can go back further in time than other methods. U-Th dating looks at the deposits of carbonate on top of the paint, which contain traces of uranium and thorium that indicate when those deposits formed. That allows the researchers to determine an age for what's under the deposits.The researchers applied this technique to paintings in the La Pasiega, Maltravieso and Ardales caves in Spain, which had never received "robust" dating. The paintings include red and black images of animals, dots, lines, disks and other geometric signs. There also are engravings, hand prints and hand stencils.Those hand stencils are particularly significant, and not just because they represent the hand size of a Neanderthal."A red line, a red dot or even a positive hand print could potentially be made 'accidentally,' " wrote Dirk Hoffmann, lead author of the studies and archaeologist with the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, in an email."Of course, I am sure that this is not the case, since you would still need to bring [in] light and pigment, but one could argue that all you need is some pigment on your hand when you lean against a wall. A hand stencil cannot be explained like that. You have to hold your hand against the wall and the deliberately spray pigment over this. This is why we emphasize the hand stencil."The dating revealed that the cave art was created more than 64,000 years ago -- 20,000 years before modern humans appeared in what is now considered Europe.The shells were found in the Cueva de los Aviones, a sea cave in southeastern Spain. They are unique because they are perforated with holes and colored with red and yellow pigment. Others served as containers for the mineral pigments themselves. The pigments were used on the shells but could have also been used for the cave paintings and even as body paint.The deposit layer containing the shells dated to 115,000 years ago, which is even older than other shells recovered in Africa that were dated to modern humans."The standard archaeological interpretation of such finds is that they are body ornaments," Hoffmann said. "Similar finds were made in Africa or the Levant with similar age. In Africa or the Levant, these were made by modern humans, in Spain Neanderthals made them. So in terms of symbolism, early modern humans and Neanderthals were similar."The researchers are absolutely confident in their dating technique."We have spent 10 years refining the technique and have numerous quality controls," Pike said. "The dates respect the growth axis of the deposits we are dating, the oldest closest to the painting, the youngest at the surface."Once modern humans left Africa and migrated to Europe and other areas, mixing with the Neanderthals would've been inevitable. The researchers believe that the Neanderthals created this artwork on their own, without being influenced by any other population. But it's possible that they exchanged symbolism or that Neanderthals influenced the art and symbolism of modern humans. Modern humans were capable of symbolic behavior, so it "turns the who's copying who debate on its head," Pike said."The idea that culture only evolved with modern humans no longer makes sense," Pike said. Hoffmann suggested that Neanderthals now be referred to as "very close cousins" of modern humans.Is it possible that anyone else may have created the cave paintings?Pike said it is incredibly doubtful that a population of early modern humans migrated to Europe so early without any other evidence to suggest it."We cannot of course rule out that pre-Neanderthal populations made the art," Pike said. "This sounds like a project for the future."Hoffmann, Pike and their colleagues want to use their new dating technique in more caves in Spain, as well as France and Italy -- and anywhere else Neanderthals are known to lived.The findings also raise new questions for researchers."How far back does symbolic behavior go? Can it be traced to the last common ancestor of modern humans and Neanderthals? This is perhaps where we should be looking," Pike said. 5398

Money might be tight this holiday with many working less hours or losing their jobs due to the pandemic, but it's not too late to budget and feel good about the season.November through December is a time when more cash is flowing and cards are swiping at stores.“The average that people spend across the country is about ,000 per holiday season,” said Ryan Freitag, a financial adviser with Edward Jones.Freitag said budgeting is key to preparing for the expected, such as gift buying around the holidays, and unexpected, like financial losses during a pandemic.He said people should simplify expenses and look at spending on a monthly basis to understand how much is needed for necessities, savings and the extras.The same rule of thumb applies to holiday spending. Freitag said people should plan how much can be allotted for gifts and set spending limits before hitting the holiday deals.“Whether it's 0 or ,000, take that money out of a checking or a savings account and even use a prepaid debit card," Freitag said. "That will allow them to keep their spending in check.”Experts typically recommend putting 10% of monthly income toward "fun spending." That number might change during the holidays.To manage the increase, Freitag recommends starting a holiday club savings account as soon as January to start budgeting for this time of year early. He said even putting in a month can be beneficial.“That way by the time holiday season comes you have a block of money that you’ve already designated toward your goal," Freitag said. "I feel like that takes the emotion, and overwhelming part of holiday spending out of it and the money is available.”Caitlin Carmody, an outpatient psycotherapist with Spectrum Behavioral Health LLC, said they see more people struggle with anxiety and depression around this time of year. She said some might feel an extra emotional burden from not being able to buy as many gifts for loved ones.But there are other options for showing loved ones they care.“There’s so many different ways we can show people love and affection. It doesn’t have to cost money," Carmody said.Instead of buying presents, Carmody suggested making gifts with family. She said the act of creating can help combat anxiety and depression, and even build self esteem in kids.Carmody said quality time is important. The gift of time can be just as meaningful, even if it's done virtually.“You’re growing new memories. You’re making new traditions," Carmody said. "So if we can re-frame it as not something that we’re losing, but maybe as a time of growth, or an opportunity to make new traditions and new memories.”For some, it's the gifts that can't be bought that mean the most.“We don’t need to put a dollar figure to a phone call," Freitag said. "There are a lot of people right now that are alone and isolated. I truly see that as more important than the money that somebody spends right now.”If people are feeling anxious or depressed, Carmody suggests practicing mindfulness, breathing exercises and keeping a routine. She said it's also important to stay present in the moment and not worry about things that are out of one's control.For those struggling with mental health, Carmody said they should reach out to a mental health professional for help.This story was originally published by Kelsey Dickeson at WGBA. 3349

More than 200 interviews have been conducted in the investigation into the disappearance of University of Iowa student Mollie Tibbetts, according to the special agent in charge.Tibbetts, 20, disappeared nearly two weeks ago in Brooklyn, a small community an hour east of Des Moines, according to the Poweshiek County Sheriff's Office.The hundreds of interviews are related to tips investigators have received, said Richard Rahn, the special agent in charge with the Iowa Division of Criminal Investigation for the Major Crime Unit. The sheriff's office is scheduled Tuesday to give an update on the investigation."People are concerned and wanting to help," Rahn said. "We welcome the phone calls and are doing everything."Investigators are continuing to evaluate data, going over the leads list, and having agents in the field to locate Tibbetts. Data includes social media and information from a Fitbit that Tibbetts is known to have."We live in a digital world," Rahn told CNN sister network HLN. "We'll look at cell phones, computers, social media sites, and everyone knows there's a Fitbit involved as well. We look at that, try to establish a timeline as best we can. We feel we have done that thus far."Investigators executed search warrants for Tibbetts' Fitbit, which she was known to wear, and her Snapchat, Instagram and Facebook accounts, Mitch Mortvedt, spokesman for the Iowa Division of Criminal Investigation, said last week. 1453

Montgomery County, Maryland police announced Thursday night that Laura Wallen was shot in the back of the head, according to autopsy findings. Tyler Tessier, Wallen's boyfriend and the father of her unborn child has been charged with her murder. He's been charged with first-degree murder. At a bond review Thursday afternoon, the judge deemed him a danger to the community and denied bond.RELATED: Missing pregnant teacher found deadWallen, who went missing last week, was a social studies teacher at Wilde Lake High School. She was four months pregnant. Police found Wallen's body buried in a shallow grave in a wooded area in Damascus.According to the Montgomery County Police Department, on Sept, 4, Wallen's sister reported Laura missing, saying that she last saw her a couple days earlier, but had not been able to contact her since. Police released on Thursday that Tessier had taken Wallen's phone and texted her sister from it.  1000

More than 100 students knelt on the benches of Notre Dame Stadium while "The Star-Spangled Banner" played during the school's football game against Florida State University on Saturday.Taking a knee to protest racial injustices began in 2016 when then-San Francisco 49ers quarterback Colin Kaepernick knelt during the national anthem before a preseason NFL game.Kaepernick's actions were based mostly on political issues, but the students wanted to put a spin on the protest and make it a religious matter as well."We wanted to frame this movement around Notre Dame's religion, which is Catholic. Some made it a moment of silence, and others prayed," said Katie Hieatt, one of five protest organizers.Durrell Jackson, another of the organizers, began protesting earlier in the college football season with a couple of friends. That's when Shawn Wu stepped in and decided this needed to be a bigger movement.With the help of three other students, they organized the November 10 protest that led 80 of their junior classmates and about 30 students in the senior class to kneel."For me personally, this is both a political and religious issue," Jackson said. "Police brutality and racial [and] social injustice against brothers and sisters is not the Christian thing to do."The students brought back some of the school's history as they knelt in solidarity.They linked arms in prayer like the Rev. Theodore Hesburgh, who served as the school's president until 1987, and the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. did in 1964 at a civil rights rally in Chicago, as they sang "We Shall Overcome."Like Hesburgh and King, the students hope to bring people together to respect one another even if they have different beliefs."Rather than being dismissed as 'just a liberal act,' many might reconsider how this movement of justice and reconciliation aligns deeply with shared values (among many) of faith, Notre Dame tradition, and Fr. Hesburgh," the group wrote in its mission statement, inviting their peers to protest with them.Brian Gatter, one of the other organizers, said their main goal was to let people know that students at Notre Dame are not just concerned with racial injustices, but also with the treatment of people when they share an opinion others don't agree with."Our main goal is to start a healthy and peaceful dialogue, rather than to keep this a one-sided conversation," Gatter said. "One of the things we want to stress the most with this movement is that this is not a protest against the military or the flag, this is about how we treat each other as human beings. We don't need to reduce people down in order to make a point. We can have a good dialogue, even if we don't agree with each other."The University of Notre Dame has not taken any disciplinary action against the students, Gatter said. CNN contacted the school's administration for further comment and is waiting to hear back.The-CNN-Wire 2914