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Sticking to a normal daily rhythm -- being active during the day and sleeping at night -- can have more benefits than you might expect.A new study found that it is linked to improvements in mood and cognitive functioning as well as a decreased likelihood of developing major depression and bipolar disorder.The study, published Tuesday in the journal The Lancet Psychiatry, looked at disruptions in the circadian rhythms -- or daily sleep-wake cycles -- of over 91,000 adults in the United Kingdom. It measured these disruptions using a device called an accelerometer that is worn on the wrist and measures one's daily activity levels. The participants were taken from the UK Biobank, a large cohort of over half a million UK adults ages 37 to 73.The researchers found that individuals with more circadian rhythm disruptions -- defined as increased activity at night, decreased activity during the day or both -- were significantly more likely to have symptoms consistent with bipolar disorder or major depression. They were also more likely to have decreased feelings of well-being and to have reduced cognitive functioning, based on a computer-generated reaction time test.For all participants, activity levels were measured over a seven-day period in either 2013 or 2014, and mental health proxies such as mood and cognitive functioning were measured using an online mental health questionnaire that participants filled out in 2016 or 2017."It's widely known that a good night's sleep is a good thing for well-being and health. That's not a big surprise," said?Dr. Daniel Smith, professor of psychiatry at the University of Glasgow and a leading author on the study. "But I think what's less well-known and what comes out of this work is that not only is a good night's sleep important, but having a regular rhythm of being active in daylight and inactive in darkness over time is important for mental well-being."The findings were found to be consistent even when controlling for a number of influential factors including age, sex, lifestyle, education and body mass index, according to Smith."I think one of the striking things that we found was just the consistency in the direction of our association across everything we looked at in terms of mental health," Smith said.Daily circadian rhythm is controlled by a collection of neurons in an area of the brain called the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus helps regulate a number of important behavioral and physiological functions such as body temperature, eating and drinking habits, emotional well-being and sleep, according to the?National Institute of General Medical Sciences.The findings are consistent with research indicating a link between sleep disruptions and mood disorders. A 2009 study, for example, showed that men who worked night shifts for four years or more were more likely to have anxiety and depression than those who work during the day.However, the new study is the first to use objective measurements of daily activity and is among the largest of its kind, according to?Aiden Doherty, senior research fellow at the University of Oxford, who was not involved in the research."This study is the first large-scale investigation of the association of objectively measured circadian rhythmicity with various mental health, well-being, personality and cognitive outcomes, with an unprecedented sample size of more than 90 000 participants," Doherty wrote in an email."Previous studies have been very small (in just a few hundred people), or relied on self-report measures (asking people what they think they do). ... However, this study used objective device-based measures in over 90,000 participants; and then linked this information to standard measures of mood disorders, subjective well-being, and cognitive function," he added.The findings have significant public health consequences, particularly for those who live in urban areas, where circadian rhythms are often disrupted due to artificial light, according to Smith."By 2030, two-thirds of the world's population will be living in cities, and we know that living in an urban environment can be pretty toxic to your circadian system because of all the artificial light that you're exposed to," Smith said."So we need to think about ways to help people tune in to their natural rhythms of activity and sleeping more effectively. Hopefully, that will protect a lot of people from mood disorders."For those who struggle to maintain a consistent circadian rhythm, certain strategies -- such as avoiding technology at night -- have proven to be an important part of good sleep hygiene."Not using your phone late at night and having a regular pattern of sleeping is really important," Smith said. "But equally important is a pattern of exposing yourself to sunshine and daylight in the morning and doing activity in the morning or midday so you can actually sleep properly."Based on the observational nature of the study, the researchers were unable to show causality, meaning it is unclear whether the sleep disturbances caused the mental health problems or vice versa."It's a cross-sectional study, so we can't say anything about cause and effect or what came first, the mood disorder or the circadian disruption," said Kristen Knutson, associate professor of neurology at Northwestern's Feinberg School of Medicine, who was not involved in the study."And it's likely they affect each other in a circular fashion," she added.The researchers also looked exclusively at adults between age 37 and 73, meaning the results may not apply to younger individuals, whose circadian rhythms are known to be different than those of older adults, according to Smith."The circadian system changes throughout life. If you've got kids, you know that very young kids tend to be nocturnal," Smith said. "My suspicion is that we might observe even more pronounced effects in younger samples, but that hasn't been done yet, to my knowledge."But the study adds more credence to the idea that sleep hygiene -- including maintaining a consistent pattern of sleep and wake cycles -- may be an important component of good mental health, according to Smith."It's an exciting time for this kind of research because it's beginning to have some real-world applications," Smith said. "And from my point of view as a psychiatrist, I think it's probably under-recognized in psychiatry how important healthy circadian function is, but it's an area that we're trying to develop." 6496

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Texas Democratic Senate candidate Beto O'Rourke said at a CNN town hall Thursday night that he would still vote to impeach President Donald Trump.The El Paso congressman challenging Sen. Ted Cruz said that his position on impeachment hadn't changed, even as Cruz has used the issue to galvanize conservative voters against O'Rourke's campaign.Asked by CNN's Dana Bash if he had changed his mind after saying he'd vote to impeach Trump this summer, O'Rourke said, "I haven't."He pointed to the ongoing probe into whether Trump's 2016 campaign colluded with Russia."There may be an open question as to whether the President, then the candidate, sought to collude with the Russian government in 2016," O'Rourke said. "But to quote George Will -- very conservative columnist -- when we saw him on that stage in Helsinki defending Vladimir Putin, the head of the country that attacked our democracy in 2016 instead of this country, and its citizens and this amazing democracy, that was collusion in action."He continued, "You may have wondered when he fired James Comey, the principle investigator into what happened in that election, whether that was an attempt to obstruct justice. But when, by broad daylight on Twitter, he asked his attorney general, Jeff Sessions, to end the Russia investigation, I would say that's obstruction in action."O'Rourke then said he likens impeachment to an indictment."There is enough there to proceed to a trial," he said.O'Rourke said he "would not prejudge the outcome of that trial.""All I am saying is, there's enough there," he said. "I know that this is not politically easy or convenient to talk about, but 242 years into this experiment ... nothing guarantees us a 243rd or a 244th."The answer will likely fuel further attacks from Cruz, who repeatedly cited O'Rourke's comments that he'd vote to impeach Trump in their most recent debate Tuesday night in Texas. Trump won Texas in 2016 and is headed to Houston to campaign for Cruz on Monday.At that debate, O'Rourke -- who is trailing in polls despite shattering fundraising records for a Senate campaign, with a million haul in 2018's third quarter -- mimicked Trump's 2016 presidential campaign attacks on Cruz as "Lyin' Ted."O'Rourke told CNN's Bash Thursday night he had some regrets about the comment."It's not something that I feel totally comfortable with, and perhaps in the heat of the moment I took a step too far," O'Rourke said.Asked if he regrets the comment, O'Rourke said: "I don't know that that's the way that I want to be talking in this campaign."CNN invited Cruz multiple times to appear tonight in his own town hall, but he declined. 2657

The 2020 election is set to be unlike any other in history.With the COVID-19 pandemic, election officials expect up to 70% of all ballots to come in through the mail.There have been claims of fraud by President Donald Trump, but experts say the data does not support those claims."Somebody is more likely to be struck by lightning than they are to commit voter fraud,” said Lawrence Nordon, director of the election reform program at the Brennan Center for Justice, a non-partisan public policy group at NYU.Nordon says in the last few federal elections, 25% of all votes were cast through the mail. He says it can not only be more convenient, but an important tool when it comes to verifying results.“Mail ballots are paper ballots. That means we do have an opportunity to audit all of those ballots,” said Nordon. “But I think people should feel very comfortable with the security of the system.”As for security, election officials take extra measures to ensure the integrity of the ballot. Firstly, mail-in voting reduces the risk of foreign interference to nearly zero. Mail-in ballots are printed on a specific type of paper with technical markings that are difficult to duplicate. They also include several local elections like city council, school boards, and ballot initiatives. It means there are thousands of different ballots for our country’s 3,000 counties.Then you consider the actual ballot itself.It comes in a secrecy envelope that is connected to each individual voter who needs to sign it. That signature is verified by judges who are sometimes trained by the FBI to detect inconsistencies.Counties across the country also have system in place that update voter registration, death records, and address changes daily while they go in and cross-reference the data as well to make sure the ballots are going where they are supposed to and people are who they say they are.“[Voter fraud] is not a thing. I think we’ve had one prosecution in 15 years,” said Paul Lopez, clerk and recorder for the city and county of Denver.Lopez says of the nearly 213,841 votes cast by Denver residents in the state primary on June 30, 211,626 were cast through the mail. And this is for a state that had the highest voter turnout of 77% in 2016.“The biggest thing we can do is inform folks and make sure they understand the process, make sure they understand that it’s secure, that it’s safe, that it’s transparent,” said Lopez.This is not to say there are not cases of voter fraud; there are. In July 2019, prosecutors in North Carolina filed charges against a Republican political operative accused of ballot tampering in a congressional election in 2018.Since 1982, the conservative Heritage Foundation says there have been 1,088 proven cases of individual voter fraud.That may sound like a lot, but the Brennan Center for Justice says considering the hundreds of millions of votes cast in that time, it is considered so rare and happens on such a small scale, that it does not warrant the broad-based red flags some people raise. 3041

TAMPA, Fla. — Police say that street racing led to the death of a mother struck by a vehicle while pushing her child in a stroller in Tampa, Florida. Three people have been arrested.According to Tampa Police, two cars were street racing down Bayshore Boulevard on Wednesday afternoon when one of the vehicles struck the mother and child near W. Knights Avenue in Tampa.Tampa police say the mother, 24-year-old Jessica Reisinger, and the 2-year-old child were sent to the hospital with serious injuries. Reisinger died at the hospital and the 2-year-old is currently in serious condition.  616