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The country's trade surplus last month continued its downward trend, with efforts to curb exports paying off and imports rising, authorities said on Friday.Figures from customs authorities showed the trade surplus last month was .49 billion, below December's .7 billion and the record high of .1 billion set in October last year."For the first time since May, the trade surplus is under billion," customs said on its website.Exports rose 26.7 percent from a year earlier to 9.66 billion, while imports rose 27.6 percent to .17 billion, the government agency said. Import growth outpaced exports for the fourth month in a row.Experts said the surplus dropped due to policies put in place last year to curb exports. The authorities had introduced a raft of policies since early last year, including VAT cuts, to discourage exports of energy-intensive, polluting products."China's policies to encourage imports and cut the trade surplus are also helping a lot," Zhang Xinfa, an economist with Beijing-based China Galaxy Securities, said.As a result of the tightening policy, the processing trade last month was .85 billion, up 15.8 percent year on year. But the growth rate slowed by 9.9 points compared with the same period last year.The appreciation of the yuan also played a role in curbing exports."Many exporters are facing difficulties due to rising costs and the yuan's appreciation, and export momentum will ease in the coming months," Li Yushi, a researcher on trade with the Ministry of Commerce, said.According to Li Peng, spokesman for Asia Footwear Association, more than 1,000 shoe factories in Guangdong province closed down last year.The firms went bankrupt due to high costs driven by the removal of an export tax refund, a stronger yuan, rising raw material prices and labor costs, Li said.The stronger yuan also makes imports cheaper, which is one reason behind the strength seen in Friday's data, Zhang said.The European Union remained as China's largest trade partner last month, with bilateral trade of .28 billion, up 30.1 percent year on year.The EU was followed by the United States. Trade between China and the US last month increased by 12.2 percent year on year to .23 billion, despite looming recession in the US economy.China's trade surplus last year stood at 2.2 billion, with total trade volume hitting a new high of .17 trillion, up 23.5 percent from a year earlier.

Premier Wen Jiabao held talks Sunday with Turkmen President Gurbanguly Berdymukhamedov in the capital Ashgabat, as both sides exchanged views in various fields including security, trade and economy, and cultural exchanges.Turkmenistan President Gurbanguly Berdymukhamedov (R) welcomes Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao at a grand ceremony in the preseidential palace compound in Ashgabat on Sunday. [Xinhua]China-Turkmenistan relations have a long history and the ancient Silk Road is a strong bond linking the two countries, Wen said in his meeting with Berdymukhamedov. "China thanks Turkmenistan for its strong support in areas such as the Taiwan question, Tibet and 'East Turkistan' issues," Wen said, adding China will continue to support Turkmenistan's independence, sovereignty and economic development.Berdymukhamedov emphasized that strengthening Sino-Turkmen relations is in the interests of peoples in both countries and contributes to peace, stability and development in the region.He said Turkmenistan will work with China to expand collaboration in areas such as construction of oil and gas pipelines, transportation, telecommunication and textiles.The two leaders also witnessed the signing of two documents on the construction of fertilizer and glass plants.Turkmenistan is the second leg of Wen's four-nation trip, which has already taken him to Uzbekistan and will take him to Belarus and Russia.Wen arrived in Turkmenistan on Saturday after a two-day official visit to Uzbekistan where he attended the Sixth Meeting of Prime Ministers of Member States of Shanghai Cooperation Organization.The Chinese government regards Uzbekistan as a very important partner in Central Asia and will continue to promote the partnership on the basis of equality, mutual trust and benefit, and common development, Wen said in his meeting with his Uzbek counterpart Shavkat Mirziyaev on Saturday.During his visit, China and Uzbekistan issued a joint communique pledging further efforts to strengthen bilateral relations and cooperation in various fields.Uzbekistan reaffirms its adherence to the one-China policy, and recognizes that the government of the People's Republic of China is the sole legitimate government representing the whole of China and that Taiwan is an inalienable part of China's territory, the communiqu said."China reiterates its support to Uzbekistan and its leaders in their efforts to safeguard national independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity and uphold national dignity, and to maintain domestic stability and develop its national economy. China opposes any attempt to interfere in the internal affairs of Uzbekistan under the guise of 'human rights'," the communique said.Wen said he hopes Uzbekistan will work to improve the investment environment so that more Chinese companies could invest in the country and contribute to its economic development.The two prime ministers also attended the signing ceremony of 10 documents on closer cooperation in various fields including environmental protection, public health, water supply and finance.

The authorities are considering a central system to award individuals' achievements in various fields to regulate such honors now being given out by local governments and agencies, said officials."The country is forging ahead to study the setting up of a national system of honors and a government framework for awards," said Yin Weimin, minister of personnel.Research on two specific laws to administer awards and confer medals is already being carried out, Yin said in a conference over the weekend.The National People's Congress has discussed laws on systems to give out awards and medals as early as 1993, but no agreement has been reached because of the complexity of such systems, experts said."Effective government awarding methods are positive ways to motivate society to learn from the merits of individuals," said Wang Xiongjun, a researcher with Peking University."And the establishment of core honors in an award system, as national honors and medals for certain fields, will bring China in line with international standards," Wang said.Currently, China has various rules set up by government agencies to award individuals including civil servants and civilians who make contributions in certain fields, but almost all these lack detailed descriptions on awarding procedures and methods, said Wang.There have also been cases where officials were nominated for awards in controversial selection processes - sometimes involving large amount of prize money - that were said to lack transparency.For instance, judge Song Yushui from the Haidian District People' Court was up for an award worth a million yuan (5,600) in 2005 given by the Beijing municipal government for being one of the "outstanding individuals" of the year.But critics said Song should not receive such an award since her "achievements" were expected of her as a judge.To prevent such situations, there should be guidelines and principles set under an awards system, said Hua Xiaochen, an expert on public institutions with a research body under the Ministry of Personnel.The main role of an awards system is to provide examples of merit for the public to learn from and not to focus on large prizes, Hua told the Legal Daily.

Four-yuan Scheme What can a part-time Chinese employee of McDonald's afford by his hourly pay? Only two small ice creams, which are valued at four yuan (US50cents). A McDonald's outlet. [File]American fast-food giants McDonald's and Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) are being bombarded for their work contracts which offer their part-time Chinese employees just four yuan per hour, well under the state requirement, state media reported. An employee is entitled to no less than 4.3 yuan per work hour, said a rule released by the Guangzhou city government last November. The hourly pay averages 7.5 yuan in the city. An unnamed source in Guangzhou told the New Express newspaper that the contract violated the legal rights of employees. "Once administrative departments discover acts of violations, officials will order these enterprises to revamp and compensate the employers for their losses," the source told the Guangzhou-based paper. "If the problem is so grave that a punishment will be handed out," the source said without giving details. The source also cast doubts on the probation system implemented by the fast-food giants. "Part-time employees don't need to undergo a one-month probation period." McDonald's and KFC have nearly 3,000 outlets all over China and a work force of nearly 200,000, according to a state media report. Zhu Yongping, a Guangzhou lawyer, has begun to move for the rights of employees. He told the paper that the work contracts have 'seriously violated' the legal rights of employees. A Lin, a McDonald's employee in Guangzhou, regarded McDonald's as a respectable foreign-funded enterprise before starting to work there. But the working experience has changed her mind. "I don't have enough rest. It seems that I was overly exploited." Cui Minghuan, Manager of KFC'S Guangdong market, refuted the claims of rights violations, saying the current rule of the minimum hourly rates of pay for the non-full-time employees implemented in the province is not applicable to the part-time employees working for KFC. "KFC does not breach relevant laws in China." Cui said these part-time employees are neither full-time workers nor non-full-time workers. "Their hourly rates of pay cannot be measured by the rule. An unnamed offical with the Provincial Department of Labor and Social Security said Cui's words are ridiculous. "So what kinds of workers they are on earth? " The official said the rule is applied to these part-time employees. Mcdonald said in a written statement that "it is always committed to relevant laws and regulations in China." Central Government Actions The report came just days after Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao, in his work report to the congress in early March, called for more efforts to implement the minimum hourly wage system in a bid to protect the workers' rights. The minimum wage system aims to protect the rights of Chinese employees. For example, Bejing has set a minimum wage about 550 yuan per month, while the economic hub Shanghai has a minimum wage about 650 yuan. The central government has beefed up efforts to protect the rights of its huge crowd of employees to quell any likelihood of unrest and maintain social stability. China is planning to adopt an unemployment law that aims to build an unemployment benefit system. The draft law is aiming at promoting employment around the country. The law states that the government will implement new policies, such as boosting professional training and increasing financial investment in employment promotion. As discrimination turns rife in China, the draft law contains a clause on anti-discrimination in an effort to provide employment equality in the country. The clause states that discrimination against job seekers with respect to their background, ethnicity, gender, religious beliefs, age, or physical disability, will be prohibited. The government is also taking actions to set up trade unions in foreign-funded enterprises in China. Up to date, about 26 percent of China's 150,000 overseas-funded enterprises have established trade unions, with a total membership of 4.29 million, previous media report said. However, McDonald's and KFC have not set up unions so far.

The late Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping pledged to keep Hong Kong's three capitalistic characteristics - horse racing, dancing and stock exchanges - intact for at least 50 years after its return. Horse racing remains popular in Hong Kong, as shown in this file photo.Edmond TangThis pledge is being upheld as the Special Administrative Region marks the 10th anniversary of its return to the motherland. Today, more Chinese mainland residents are playing the Hong Kong stock markets, attending its horse races and visiting Lan Kwai Fong, Hong Kong's top entertainment center. For over a century, horseracing has thrilled Hong Kong people. Race days are held on most Wednesdays and weekends from September to June. During the season, many can be seen burying their heads in newspapers at teahouses studying the form of horses. "After Hong Kong's return, horse racing has not only been retained, but has grown with the support of the central government and Hong Kong people," said Kim K.W. Mak, executive director of the corporate development department of the Hong Kong Jockey Club. Mak said the jockey club is now striving to provide its best facilities for the coming 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. It will host the equestrian events. The club manages two racecourses - Happy Valley and Sha Tin - attracting more than 2 million racegoers each racing season. The club's betting turnover, exceeds HK.3 billion every fiscal year. It contributes 1.3 percent to GDP, and 10 percent of the government's tax revenue. It is also one of the 10 biggest employers in Hong Kong, employing more than 5,000 full-time workers and 20,000 part-time staff on race days. Hong Kong youngsters wave flags, hailing Premier Wen Jiabao's arrival to sign the Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement in this file photo.Huo YanAs the largest charity organization in Hong Kong, the club was a major donor to the anti-SARS campaign in the spring of 2003. Today, the people of Hong Kong enjoy stability in every aspect of their lives. "We don't see any difference in our way of life after 1997," said Wong Yim-fat, a fishmonger in Hong Kong. "Though there have been hard times, we have come through it, believing things can only get better." Wong now plays the stock markets and has had some luck with the Hang Seng Index rising from 15,196 points in July 1997 to about 21,685 today. "Actually, as masters of our own society, we feel there is more freedom and opportunities following Hong Kong's return," Wong said. Wong said he is happy with his decision to remain in Hong Kong after its return and not seek to emigrate as some of his friends and relatives did. "Many of my friends who have emigrated have come back, after finding out that things have not changed," Wong said. Before 1997, many Hong Kong people were uncertain about its future and left for other countries. Official figures from Hong Kong Customs show that more than 300,000 people moved to America, Australia and Canada between 1990 and 1997. Ten years later, many returned because of Hong Kong's stability and prosperity. Renee Chu, an assistant computer officer at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, was one of those who left before 1997. Following her parent's wishes, Renee left for Australia in 1990 when she was still a middle school student. "At that time, they were concerned about Hong Kong's future and wanted us to receive a better education abroad," she told Xinhua News Agency in a recent interview. After graduating from university, Renee returned to Hong Kong in 2000 as it offered better job opportunities. Hong Kong was hit by an economic downturn and an outbreak of SARS after 1997, but that did not stop the Chu family from returning. "There are always good and bad times for a place," Renee said. "My parents return to Australia from time to time," Renee said, "but their stays have become shorter. They now spend more time in Hong Kong and the mainland." Most Hong Kong people were able to gain residency abroad because of their technological skills and investments. While Hong Kong has retained its attraction for locals, it has also lured more people to its shores. Official statistics show that the number of overseas people in Hong Kong - Indians, Filipinos and British - account for 71,000 out of a population of 6.9 million. The culture of tolerance can be seen in the busy streets. There are restaurants and shops from all nations. "Hong Kong is really a very tolerant and free-spirited city. The cultural tolerance and perfect mixture is reflected in the diversity of our international visitors," said B.C. Lo, vice-president of public affairs, Hong Kong Disneyland. Hong Kong, however, has undergone some subtle changes too. This is evident in the choice of passport. Ten years after Hong Kong's return to the motherland, many Hong Kong people have abandoned their British National (Overseas) or BNO passports in favor of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) passport. According to Hong Kong Immigration Department sources, in the past 10 years, as many as 4 million, or 60 percent of Hong Kong's population of permanent residents, have applied for HKSAR passports, and the number is growing. The HKSAR government has managed to obtain visa-free access to as many as 134 countries or regions. BNO passports enjoyed visa-free access to only 114 countries. The passports are still valid. The safety ensured by Chinese embassies and consulates as well as a sense of nationalism have also been key factors in the popularity of HKSAR passports. Wong Yim-fat is of those who think HKSAR passports are not only more convenient, but also offer consular or embassy protection from the Chinese government in times of distress. "While holding a BNO passport, you felt like a second-class citizen," Wong said. "But a HKSAR passport gives you all the privilege that a Chinese citizen enjoys." According to Lu Xinhua, commissioner of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the HKSAR, not only Hongkongers have enjoyed an uplift in their international status, but also the HKSAR government. During the past 10 years, the HKSAR government has joined more than 50 international, intra-government organizations and 200 international treaties with the proper identity of Hong Kong, China. "Under the Basic Law, we have tried our best to help exchanges between the HKSAR government and the international community, in order to forge its long-term prosperity and stability," Lu said.