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WASHINGTON, Dec. 22 (Xinhua) -- The journal Science on Thursday chose the HPTN 052 clinical trial, an international HIV prevention trial as the 2011 Breakthrough of the Year.The study found that if HIV-infected heterosexual individuals begin taking anti-retroviral medicines when their immune systems are relatively healthy as opposed to delaying therapy until the disease has advanced, they are 96 percent less likely to transmit the virus to their uninfected partners. Findings from the trial, first announced in May, were published in the New England Journal of Medicine in August.The study was funded by the U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part of the National Institutes of Health."The HPTN 052 study convincingly demonstrated that anti- retroviral medications can not only treat but also prevent the transmission of HIV infection among heterosexual individuals," said NIAID Director Anthony Fauci in a statement. "We are pleased that Science recognized the extraordinary public health significance of these study results."Science's list of nine other ground-breaking scientific achievements from 2011 include:The Hayabusa Mission: After some near-disastrous technical difficulties and a stunningly successful recovery, Japan's Hayabusa spacecraft returned to Earth with dust from the surface of a large, S-type asteroid. This asteroid dust represented the first direct sampling of a planetary body in 35 years, and analysis of the grains confirmed that the most common meteorites found on Earth, known as ordinary chondrules, are born from these much larger, S-type asteroids.Unraveling Human Origins: Studying the genetic code of both ancient and modern human beings, researchers discovered that many humans still carry DNA variants inherited from archaic humans, such as the mysterious Denisovans in Asia and still-unidentified ancestors in Africa. One study this year revealed how archaic humans likely shaped our modern immune systems, and an analysis of Australopithecus sediba fossils in South Africa showed that the ancient hominin possessed both primitive and Homo-like traits.Capturing a Photosynthetic Protein: In vivid detail, researchers in Japan have mapped the structure of the Photosystem II, or PSII, protein that plants use to split water into hydrogen and oxygen atoms. The crystal-clear image shows off the protein's catalytic core and reveals the specific orientation of atoms within. Now, scientists have access to this catalytic structure that is essential for life on Earth -- one that may also hold the key to a powerful source of clean energy.Pristine Gas in Space: Astronomers using the Keck telescope in Hawaii to probe the faraway universe wound up discovering two clouds of hydrogen gas that seem to have maintained their original chemistry for two billion years after the big bang. Other researchers identified a star that is almost completely devoid of metals, just as the universe's earliest stars must have been, but that formed much later. The discoveries show that pockets of matter persisted unscathed amid eons of cosmic violence.

UNITED NATIONS, Oct. 28 (Xinhua) -- China's progress in meeting a development goal on children's health can serve as an inspiration to other countries working towards the same objective, Dr. Renee Van de Weerdt, chief of maternal, newborn and child health at the UN Children's Fund (UNICEF) told Xinhua in an interview Friday.Van de Weerdt said that "the example of China is very encouraging because it means it can be done, even in a very big country with a very big population."China is on track to meet the fourth Millennium Development Goal (MDG), one of the eight development targets that the international community has pledged to meet by 2015. MDG 4 requires that each country reduce its rate of mortality for children under age five to two-thirds of what it was in 1990.According to Van de Weerdt, most deaths of children under five take place in the first month of life. After the first month, the most prevalent causes of death are pneumonia and diarrhea.ACHIEVING THE GOAL WORLDWIDEThe international community has been doing "relatively well" in working towards achieving MDG 4, Van de Weerdt said.The UN Interagency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (IGME) stated in their 2011 Report on Levels and Trends in Child Mortality that the number of under-five deaths worldwide has dropped from more than 12 million in 1990 to 7.6 million in 2010."We really continue to see progress," Van de Weerdt said. "The number of children that die every year continues to drop so we are really pleased to see that progress. Unfortunately, the progress isn't sufficient to really be able to say that if we continue at this pace we would achieve MDG 4 by 2015."Some regions, according to Van de Weerdt, like Latin America and parts of Asia are making more headway towards the goal than others that are currently lagging behind.

BEIJING, Oct. 11 (Xinhuanet) -- Debates in the medical field developed on Monday as a U.S. government panel recommended that men of all ages should stop getting prostate cancer blood screenings.The United States Preventive Services examined all the evidence and found little if any reduction in deaths from routine P.S.A. screening and suggested that the test does more harm than good to healthy men.The P.S.A. test for prostate cancer, a blood test to screen for a protein that may indicate cancer, has become widely used because it can help detect tiny tumors at a very early sta ge, when they are theoretically most treatable.Unfortunately, according to the task force, the vast majority of the results are false-positives: the men don’t actually have cancer. And most of those found to have cancerous cells would not suffer ill effects because their cancer is so slow-growing that it would not cut short their lives. Those with faster-growing cancers may also not be helped if the cancer is extremely aggressive.After the recommendation came out last week, many prostate cancer specialists have been pushing back.Urologist Dr. Mark DeGuenther said this recommendation is more about saving money than saving lives. He said death rates from prostate cancer have dropped 40 percent since men began getting screened at age 40 and he says it will save taxpayers and patients more money in the long run to diagnose and treat cancers earlier rather than wait and have to provide expensive care for advanced stage cancers."We all agree that we've got to do a better job of figuring out who would benefit from P.S.A. screening," said Dr. Scott Eggener, a prostate cancer specialist at the University of Chicago. "But a blanket statement of just doing away with it altogether ... seems over-aggressive and irresponsible."Dr. Deepak Kapoor, chairman and chief executive of Integrated Medical Professionals, which includes the nation's largest urology practice, said "We will not allow patients to die, which is what will happen if this recommendation is accepted."That task force's recommendation isn't final - it's a draft open for public debate. And obviously the debate is already under way.

BEIJING, Jan. 4 (Xinhua) -- The Chinese currency Renminbi, or the yuan, rose 8 basis points to a record high of 6.3001 against the U.S. dollar on Wednesday, according to the China Foreign Exchange Trading System.In China's foreign exchange spot market, the yuan is allowed to rise or fall by 0.5 percent from the central parity rate each trading day.The central parity rate of the yuan against the U.S. dollar is based on a weighted average of prices before the opening of the market each business day.

BRATISLAVA, Dec. 22 (Xinhua) -- The Slovak Education Ministry on Thursday launched an internet website to provide the general public with digitalized textbooks.According to Education Minister Eugen Jurzyca, the public could access a total of 26 digitalised textbooks, compulsory-reading books and download 65 audio-recordings on the website of eaktovka.sk.The word aktovka means schoolbag in Slovak."We hope that pupils will be able to study even in places where they don't bring their textbooks, such as during the holidays at their grandma's, but also that teachers will have an easier time putting together various textbooks or their sections on, for example, physics or chemistry," said the minister.Jurzyca said he estimated that 92 percent of households with school-age children which own personal computers and 70 percent of those which have access to the internet would visit the website.