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When NASA created the first space missions, they knew astronauts flying on the Mercury and Apollo missions would need special suits. Most of the men were Air Force test pilots. And fittingly, the suits were upgrades of Navy flight suits for high altitudes.The agency now knows more about the moon and what to expect on the lunar surface. For example, ahead of the Apollo 11 moon landing, engineers worried that the moon dust wouldn't be stable enough to support the lunar lander or even astronauts walking on it.They discovered a different risk in the dust -- tiny shards of glass-like material. And the moon's temperature extremes could compromise the safety of the astronauts.The new suit is designed to keep out dust so that it doesn't infiltrate the life support system and can keep an astronaut safe between the temperature extremes of negative 250 degrees to 250 degrees Fahrenheit, accounting for shade and sun, especially at the south pole.The suit itself looks similar to the Apollo-era ones with its backpack functioning as the life support system that astronauts can wear on the lunar surface. It powers the suit, holds oxygen, removes toxic gases, odor and moisture from the suit, regulates temperature, monitors performance and issues warnings.But the most notable differences are in the details. Technology has been miniaturized to allow for duplicates to avoid errors. This could even allow for longer spacewalks."The Artemis Generation of spacesuits will fit everyone," said NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine. "We want every person who dreams of going into space to have that opportunity."Anatomy of a spacesuitThe new suit is also slightly sleeker, allowing a greater range of motion while still protecting the astronauts from radiation, temperature extremes, and micrometeoroids.The main suit is a pressure garment consisting of a helmet, upper torso, lower torso and a cooling garment.A new communications system in the helmet replaces the "snoopy caps" the Apollo astronauts wore, which would fill with sweat. Instead of the microphones that would sometimes shift away from the astronauts mouth, multiple microphones are embedded that activate when the astronaut is talking.To allow for mobility, the upper torso has a new shoulder placement so the astronauts can move their arms in a range of motion, lift objects overhead or reach across their body. The Apollo suits only really accommodated up and down motion, but the new suit provides full arm rotation from shoulder to wrist.The lower torso, a new addition, will allow for better bending and rotating at the hips and knees. The so-called "moon boots" are similar to a hiking boot with flexible soles.One thing remains the same: the astronauts will continue to wear absorbing garments similar to diapers in the event that they need to go to the bathroom during a long spacewalk.Customization on the jobThe suits are comprised of parts that can lock together for a spacewalk on the lunar surface or even in zero gravity like outside of a spacecraft or the International Space Station. NASA wants to use this same technology when their astronauts attempt a Martian landing.The helmet will include a protective visor that can be replaced if it's damaged, scratched or dented. That way, astronauts can continue on with spacewalks rather than having to send the helmet back to Earth for repairs.Going from zero gravity to the limited gravity of the moon requires different capabilities. The lower torso, consisting of pants and boots, could be modified from supporting an astronaut walking on a surface compared to floating in space, where they don't need to use their legs as much.The suit will allow astronauts to climb into it from the back. This means the shoulder pieces can be closer together, allowing for a better fit, more mobility and reducing any risk of shoulder injury.Customization also means a better fit for astronauts. Each astronaut has a full body scan while wearing the suit at NASA's Johnson Space Center. That can be used to determine the best suit components for a particular astronaut to protect their full range of motion and ensure a perfect fit.The suits will undergo testing on the International Space Station before they're used for Artemis missions. NASA will then have a better idea of how the suits function in zero gravity while the astronauts conduct science and basic operations. 4385

White previously served as a foreign policy adviser to Sen. John McCain of Arizona, worked on the staff of the Senate Armed Services Committee and as a director of communications for the Renault-Nissan Alliance in France. She also served an earlier stint at the Pentagon, working as Taiwan country director in the Office of the Secretary of Defense.After the inspector general's office concludes its probe, it will forward a report to Mattis that details whether any of the allegations are considered misconduct and also details charges that aren't found to have merit.In IG investigations, allegations of wrongdoing are not always substantiated.The final report could include recommendations on how to proceed, but it would be up to Mattis to decide what, if anything, to do, officials say.There is no indication that Mattis was aware of White's alleged violations prior to the investigation. 893

While the case played out in the legal arena, the hospital continued to provide Alfie with artificial ventilation and assisted feeding, but his doctors said continued treatment was futile and speculated that, if they were to withdraw Alfie's ventilation support, the child would shortly die.Last week, Alfie's father traveled to Rome to meet Pope Francis, who had expressed his support for their cause.At that time, it was suggested that Alfie could be transported to Rome's Bambino Gesu Pediatric Hospital, a Vatican hospital and the main pediatric hospital serving southern Italy, for treatment.However, a subsequent visit to Alfie and consultation with his doctors led the Roman doctors to conclude that the child's condition is irreversible and untreatable, according to a statement from Alder Hey.Based in part on evidence supplied by the hospital, the supreme court dismissed Alfie's case. High Court Justice Anthony Hayden rejected the plan to take Alfie to Rome and said the order to end Alfie's life support should commence at 9 p.m. Monday.In a last-ditch effort, Alfie's parents appealed to the European Court of Human Rights, which rejected their application on Monday, declaring the complaint "inadmissible."At 9:17 p.m. Monday, ventilation support was withdrawn. 1276

Winners of the Scripps Howard Awards will be announced March 6 via live streams on Facebook and YouTube. An awards ceremony is scheduled for April 19 in Cincinnati, Ohio. 170

You can't educate students without them being safe; it's a responsibility San Diego County school leaders and employees take very seriously. Every San Diego County school has a safety plan and procedures that contribute to maintaining a safe learning environment for our students. In the wake of this incident, school personnel will be reviewing those plans and continuing to implement best practices in maintaining the safety and security of our schools. 455