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SAN FRANCISCO, March 21 (Xinhua) -- Microsoft on Monday sued Barnes & Noble, claiming patent infringement by the largest book retailer in the United States.Microsoft said it filed legal actions on Monday in both the U.S. International Trade Commission and the U.S. District Court of the Western District of Washington against Barnes & Noble, as well as Foxconn and Inventec, two manufacturers of Barnes & Noble's devices.According to Microsoft, the actions focus on the patent infringement by Barnes & Noble's Nook e-reader and tablet, both of which run Google's Android operating system.The patents at issue cover a range of functionality embodied in Android devices that are essential to the user experience, including natural ways of interacting with devices by tabbing through various screens to find the information they need, surfing the Web more quickly and interacting with documents and e-books, Microsoft said in a press release."The Android platform infringes a number of Microsoft's patents, and companies manufacturing and shipping Android devices must respect our intellectual property rights," Horacio Gutierrez, Microsoft's corporate vice president and deputy general counsel, was quoted by the press release as saying.Writing in a separate company blog post, Gutierrez said that the latest actions bring to 25 the total number of Microsoft patents in litigation for infringement by Android smartphones, tablets and other devices.He noted that Microsoft has established a licensing program to address Android's ongoing infringement, and leading Android smartphone manufacturer HTC has taken a license under this program.Amazon.com also signed a patent license with Microsoft last year covering its Kindle e-reader, he added."Unfortunately, after more than a year of discussions, Barnes & Noble, Foxconn and Inventec have so far been unwilling to sign a license, and therefore, we have no other choice but to bring legal action to defend our innovations," Gutierrez said in the blog post.

VIENNA, March 18 (Xinhua) -- The 26th Annual Congress of the European Association of Urology (2011 EAU congress) kicked off on Friday at the Vienna Austria Center in the Austrian capital Vienna.About 14,000 doctors, experts, scholars and representatives of pharmaceutical enterprises in the field of urology from more than 80 countries took part in the event, which will last till Tuesday.The EAU congress is Europe's largest fair in the field of urology. This is the third time for Vienna to host the event.The EAU congress aims to review technical innovation and technological progress in the field of urology and related subspecialties, discuss new theories, new technologies and new diagnostic methods of urological clinical trials, optimize the risk management of urological disease, and enhance doctors' practical knowledge and skills by educational activities.It also provides an important platform for related pharmaceutical, medical equipments and medical consumables manufacturers to present their latest products and technologies, and creates the opportunity of face-to-face communication between suppliers and consumers.The highlights of this year's EAU congress include the discussion of state-of-the-art kidney imaging and the application of ultrasound, computerized tomography (CT-scan) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Participants are also expected to give a timely overview on the role of imaging, focal therapy and kidney biopsy in the management and follow-up of small renal masses, as well as the use of imaging in the management of urinary incontinence and other pelvic urinary pathologies.Congress organizers said that more than 200 presentations and seminars are scheduled during the five-day meeting, with an estimated 400 speakers unveiling their latest findings.

WASHINGTON, April 25 (Xinhua) -- A class of drugs that shows promise in breast and ovarian cancers with BRCA gene mutations could potentially benefit colorectal cancer patients with a different genetic mutation, a new study from the University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center finds.Working in cell lines from colorectal cancer patients, researchers found that the class of drugs called PARP inhibitors worked against tumors with mutations in the MRE11 gene.About 15 percent of all colorectal cancers have what's called microsatellite instability, a type of error in the DNA. About 82 percent of those tumors have the MRE11 gene mutation."This is a potential broader application for PARP inhibitors, beyond breast and ovarian cancer. This is a class of drug that's already shown safety in early clinical trials and now might benefit some colorectal cancer patients as well," says lead study author Eduardo Vilar-Sanchez, a hematology/oncology fellow at the university, in a statement.The study, which was published Monday in Cancer Research, also found that PARP inhibitors are even more effective when both copies of MRE11 were mutated. Each person carries two copies of each gene, which means mutations can occur in either one or both copies. The researchers suggest that PARP inhibitors could be targeted specifically to colorectal cancer patients who have two copies of the mutated gene.Researchers are planning a phase I clinical trial to look at using PARP inhibitors in colorectal cancer patients with two mutated copies of MRE11. Future trials are being considered using PARP inhibitors to prevent colorectal cancer and other cancers in people with Lynch syndrome whose tumors have this mutation.Microsatellite instability is also seen in prostate cancer and endometrial cancer, suggesting potential for PARP inhibitors to play a role in additional types of cancer as well, Vilar-Sanchez says, adding that more research is needed in these areas.

LOS ANGELES, April 7 (Xinhua) -- Unrecycled energy-efficient bulbs release tons of mercury into the environment every year, raising an environmental concern, it was reported on Thursday.Demand for the energy-efficient lights -- the compact fluorescent light bulb (CFL) -- is growing as government mandates for energy-efficient lighting take effect, yet only about two percent of residential consumers and one-third of businesses recycle the new bulbs, the Los Angeles Times said, quoting the Association of Lighting and Mercury Recyclers (ALMR).Each CFL contains up to five milligrams of mercury, a potent neurotoxin that's on the worst-offending list of environmental contaminants, the report said.As a result, U.S. landfills are releasing more than four tons of mercury annually into the atmosphere and storm water runoff, the Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association said in a study published by the paper.The federal Clean Energy Act of 2007 established energy- efficiency standards for light bulbs that dimmed the future for old-fashioned incandescents, which don't meet those standards. Incandescents are to be phased out by 2014 in the U.S., and California passed even stricter rules, calling for store shelves to be cleared of them by 2013.The old-style bulbs are just too wasteful, converting to light only 10 percent of the energy they consume. The rest is squandered as heat.Sales of energy-efficient alternatives like CFLs, halogen bulbs and LEDs have been growing steadily, with the low-cost CFLs the biggest sellers, according to the paper.If every California household replaced five incandescent bulbs with CFLs, the move would save 6.18 billion kilowatt-hours and prevent the annual release of 2.26 million tons of heat-trapping carbon dioxide, according to the California Energy Commission. That 's equivalent to taking 414,000 cars off the road.But no federal law mandates recycling of household fluorescent lights. Federal rules exempt some businesses, based in part on the number of bulbs used, said Paul Abernathy, executive director of the ALMR, which is based in Napa, Calif.Several states, including California, Massachusetts, Maine, Vermont and Minnesota, do require that all households and businesses recycle fluorescents, the paper said.But the ALMR said compliance is low because of a lack of convenient drop-off options.

UNITED NATIONS, Jan. 26 (Xinhua) -- China on Wednesday welcomed the smooth development of the south Sudan referendum, voicing its hope that the parties in south and north Sudan could reach a consensus at an early date on the outstanding issues through dialogue and consultations.Li Baodong, the Chinese permanent representative to the United Nations, made the statement in an interview with Xinhua after he spoke at the UN Security Council about the Chinese stance on the situation of Sudan.Earlier on Wednesday, the Security Council met to hear briefings from Atul Khare, UN assistant secretary-general for peacekeeping operations, and Ibrahim Gambari, the joint special representative of the African Union-United Nations Mission in Darfur (UNAMID), on the current situation in Sudan."China welcomes the smooth development of the south Sudan referendum, this is the result of the joint efforts of north and south Sudan and the international community," Li said."At present, priority should be given to the following work: First, continuous efforts should be made to fully maintain peace and stability in Sudan to enable the country to realize its long- term peace, stability and development," he said. "Second, efforts should be made to encourage the parties in south and north Sudan to continue their efforts for the full implementation of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA), particularly for a consensus at an early date on the outstanding issues."The referendum, with its week-long polling period ending on Jan. 15, will determine whether south Sudan remains a part of Sudan or becomes independent, in accordance with the 2005 CPA that ended a long-running north-south civil war.The referendum's preliminary results are expected to be announced by Feb. 2, and depending on whether appeals are launched in the courts, the final result will be declared on Feb. 7 or 14.