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Researchers from Florida Atlantic University released a video on Tuesday that shows how droplets disperse into the air from a person’s mouth.The researchers used different kinds of masks to analyze the disbursement of the droplets. The researchers also showed that without a mask, six feet of distance might not be enough to avoid infection.The FAU team tested a single-layer bandana-style covering, a homemade mask that was stitched using two-layers of cotton quilting fabric consisting of 70 threads per inch, and a non-sterile cone-style mask that is available in most pharmacies. The team used a mannequin, Laser lights and synthetic fog to help visualize the spread of the droplet from a cough..The researchers said that stitched quilted cotton masks worked the best in the simulation, with droplets from emulated coughs traveling just 2.5 inches from the mask. By comparison, without a mask, the droplets moved more than 8 feet, with some droplets traveling up to 12 feet during a heavy cough. The researchers also noted that the droplets remained suspended in midair for up to three minutes in the simulated environment.“We found that although the unobstructed turbulent jets were observed to travel up to 12 feet, a large majority of the ejected droplets fell to the ground by this point,” said Dhanak. “Importantly, both the number and concentration of the droplets will decrease with increasing distance, which is the fundamental rationale behind social-distancing.”FAU said that droplets from a cough traveled 3 feet, 7 inches from a bandana; 1 foot, 3 inches from a folded handkerchief; and 8 inches from a cone-style mask.“Preliminary results from our experiment reveal that significant concentrations of small particles from a turbulent jet such as from a heavy cough/sneeze can linger in still air for more than one minute. It only took the particles a couple of seconds to travel 3 feet; in about 12 seconds it reached 6 feet and in about 41 seconds it reached around 9 feet,” said Siddhartha Verma, an assistant professor in FAU’s Department of Ocean and Mechanical Engineering.Last week, the University of Washington’s Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation projected that 33,000 American lives would be saved between now and October 1 by near universal wearing of masks.Last month, a study in the Lancet found that the use of masks and respirators by those infected with the virus reduced the risk of spreading the infection by 85%. The authors analyzed data that showed that N95 respirators in healthcare settings were up to 96% effective. Other masks were found to be 77% effective.The CDC issued guidance in April to recommend mask wearing while in public, which has become a requirement to enter retail establishments in more than a dozen states.The CDC's guidance stressed several points: That wearing a face covering is not a substitute for social distancing, and that the public should not use medical or surgical masks. The recommendations suggest the public should use fabric or cloth that covers the mouth and nose.To view FAU's video, click here. Justin Boggs is a writer for the E.W. Scripps National Desk. Follow him on Twitter @jjboggs or on Facebook . 3198

President Donald Trump signaled Tuesday that he will not take strong action against Saudi Arabia or its Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman for the death and dismemberment of Washington Post journalist Jamal Khashoggi.The White House has been struggling to square a widespread sense that the crown prince directed the killing with its desire for Saudi support for its foreign policy priorities and a need to manage close relationships between bin Salman and the Trump administration.In an exclamation-mark laden statement subtitled "America First!" Trump said that "our intelligence agencies continue to assess all information, but it could very well be that the Crown Prince had knowledge of this tragic event -- maybe he did and maybe he didn't!""That being said," Trump continued, "we may never know all of the facts surrounding the murder of Mr. Jamal Khashoggi. In any case, our relationship is with the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. They have been a great ally in our very important fight against Iran."Trump is expected to receive a CIA assessment on Khashoggi's murder today.A senior administration official told CNN that the report, delivered in physical form, is an assessment of all the intelligence gathered so far, but will not present a final conclusion. That's in keeping with intelligence community practice: agencies assign a confidence level to their findings because intelligence isn't conclusive.And though sources tell CNN that the CIA has assessed with high confidence that the prince directed Khashoggi's murder, which was conducted by members of the prince's inner circle, the fact that they don't make a final conclusion gives the White House an out.The report comes seven weeks after the father of four entered the Saudi consulate in Istanbul on October 2 to seek marriage documents.This story is breaking and will be updated. 1852

President Donald Trump signed two pieces of legislation into law on Wednesday that aim to inform consumers about drug prices.Both measures, the Know the Lowest Price Act and the Patient Right to Know Drug Prices Act, aim to end the drug industry's so-called gag orders of pharmacists, which prevent them from discussing cheaper price options with consumers. These price options include discussing whether a medication may be less expensive if using insurance or paying out-of-pocket.At Wednesday's signing, the President called the gag clauses "unjust" and said the legislation would lower drug prices that are "way out of whack" and "way too high.""It's called the law of supply and demand. They didn't want to have that. But now we have that and it's going to lower drug prices," Trump added.Both the President and Health and Human Services Secretary Alex Azar said at the signing that they expect further regulatory action on reducing drug prices in the coming months.Some states and municipalities have pharmacy gag order bans, but the Patient Right to Know Drug Prices Act, sponsored by Maine Republican Sen. Susan Collins, addresses banning the practice of gag orders on a federal level. The Know the Lowest Price Act, sponsored by Michigan Democratic Sen. Debbie Stabenow, prohibits Medicare drug plans from putting a gag clause on a pharmacy in their contracts.Collins and Stabenow were present at Wednesday's signing, as well as Tennessee Republican Sen. Lamar Alexander, Louisiana Republican Sen. Bill Cassidy, Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein and National Economic Council Director Larry Kudlow.Some pharmaceutical industry experts say that although eliminating the gag clause is step toward consumer transparency, it doesn't address the issue of lowering actual drug costs, making it unclear how much of a tangible effect the legislation will have.The President has frequently expressed his frustration over rising drug prices, and in May, he laid?out his vision for increasing competition, reducing regulations and changing the incentives for all players in the pharmaceutical industry.The administration released a 44-page blueprint of the plan, entitled American Patients First, aiming to increase competition and improve the negotiation of drug prices, as well as reduce consumers' out-of-pocket spending on medicines and create incentives to lower list prices.Ending the pharmacy gag orders was included the plan, as well as speeding up the approval of over-the-counter medications and asking the Food and Drug Administration to require manufacturers to include prices in their TV ads.A gag order on a pharmacy is frequently brought on by clauses in contracts with pharmaceutical benefit managers, which manage most of our nation's prescription drug programs. The benefit managers negotiate prices with drug companies on behalf of insurance companies and other payers and then share those prices to retail pharmacies. They also negotiate rebates from manufacturers and discounts from drugstores. If pharmacists violate the gag rule, they risk losing their contract with the pharmaceutical benefit manager.Daniel Nam, executive director of federal programs at America's Health Insurance Plans, told Kaiser Health News that gag orders on pharmacies are becoming less frequent because these clauses are "not something they are incorporating into their contracts."Mark Merritt, president and CEO of a lobbying group for pharmaceutical benefit managers, the Pharmaceutical Care Management Association, told the publication that these clauses are "very much an outlier." 3635

R. Lee Ermey, the actor known for his Golden Globe-nominated role as an intimidating drill sergeant in "Full Metal Jacket," died Sunday at the age of 74, according to a statement from his manager.Ermey died from complications of pneumonia, according to Bill Rogin, his manager, in a post on Twitter. CNN's calls and emails to Rogin were not returned.Ermey played the role of the tough Gunnery Sgt. Hartman who trains a new group of recruits in the 1987 film "Full Metal Jacket." He received a Golden Globe best supporting actor nomination for his role in the movie directed by Stanley Kubrick.The Vietnam veteran brought authenticity to the role after having spent 11 years in the Marine Corps from 1961 to 1972. He spent two years as a drill instructor at the Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego and rose to the rank of Staff Sergeant. He was medically retired for injuries in 1971 and in 2002 he received an honorary promotion to Gunnery Sergeant, according to a biography on his website. "It is extremely difficult to truly quantify all of the great things this man has selflessly done for, and on behalf of, our many men and women in uniform," Rogin said in a statement issued on Facebook. "He has also contributed many iconic and indelible characters on film that will live on forever."The US Army tweeted: "Rest In Peace, Gunny. We are grateful for your service to our country and for supporting our servicemembers. Semper Fi."Ermey also appeared in movies such as "Dead Man Walking," "Seven," "Prefontaine" and "Leaving Las Vegas."He also did voice overs and lighter content, lending his voice to "The Simpsons" and "Family Guy," as well as the "Toy Story" movies, where he voiced Sergeant or just "Sarge," the green Army soldier.Ermey was born in Emporia, Kansas, on March 24, 1944.After serving in the Marines, he enrolled at the University of Manila in the Philippines by using his G.I. bill benefits and he studied drama. "Apocalypse Now" was being filmed in the area and that's where Ermey had his first featured role in an acting career that spanned both film and television, according to his website."The real R. Lee Ermey was a family man, and a kind and gentle soul. He was generous to everyone around him. And, he especially cared deeply for others in need," Rogin said in a statement."Please support your men and women in uniform. That's what he wanted most of all."  2399

PROVO, Utah — Unproven conspiracy theories about COVID-19 have caused a group of people to try and breach a local hospital, officials say.The group, fueled by the unsubstantiated theory that hospitals are misrepresenting capacity levels, has attempted to break into the Utah Valley Hospital in Provo.The hospital recently reported during a Provo City Council meeting "that a few individuals without a medical need have attempted to gain physical access to the facility with the intent try to confirm fake conspiracy theories — such as hospitals are not busy and that reports of the COVID-19 surge are false."It was unclear if anyone was arrested or cited for the disturbances."Hospital staff have also fielded some telephone calls regarding similar false conspiracy theories. Although these situations are few and isolated, stopping attempts to gain inappropriate access and responding to fake conspiracy theories diverts attention from providing lifesaving care provided at the hospitals," said Intermountain Healthcare, which operates Utah Valley Hospital, in a statement. "COVID-19 is real and the hospital is seeing large increases in patients with the virus. Staff are stretched and are working many extra hours to meet community needs. We ask the public to join with us, mask up, wash hands, social distance, and stay home when sick so we can care overcome the challenges of this pandemic in our communities."On Thursday, Utah saw its highest number of new COVID-19 cases in a single day — nearly 4,000 and nine new deaths.Hospital capacity is at 87%, meaning many medical centers are running out of places and staff to take care of those who contract the deadly virus.The surge in cases in Utah comes as the virus spreads uncontrollably around the country. Thursday marked a record with 150,000 new cases and was the 10th consecutive day in which 100,000 people were diagnosed with the virus.This story was originally published by Ben Winslow on KSTU in Salt Lake City. 1984

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