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WASHINGTON, Sept. 12 (Xinhua) -- An enzyme that appears to play a role in controlling the brain's response to nicotine and alcohol in mice might be a promising target for a drug that simultaneously would treat nicotine addiction and alcohol abuse in people, U.S. researchers find.Over the course of four weeks, mice genetically engineered to lack the gene for protein kinase C (PKC) epsilon consumed less of a nicotine-containing water solution than normal mice, and were less likely to return to a chamber in which they had been given nicotine. In contrast, normal mice steadily increased their consumption of nicotine solution while the mice lacking PKC epsilon did not.The study conducted by researchers at the Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, affiliated with the University of California, San Francisco, appeared Monday in the online edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.In normal mice, as in humans, nicotine binds to a certain class of nicotinic receptors located on dopamine neurons, which causes dopamine to be released in the brain. Dopamine creates a feeling of enjoyment, and thus prompts a sense of reward. Researchers found that mice lacking PKC epsilon are deficient in these nicotinic receptors.The finding complements earlier research in which researchers found that mice genetically engineered to lack the PKC epsilon enzyme drank less alcohol than normal mice and were disinclined to return to a chamber in which they had been given alcohol."This could mean that these mice might not get the same sense of reward from nicotine or alcohol," said Gallo senior associate director and investigator Robert Messing. "The enzyme looks like it regulates the part of the reward system that involves these nicotinic receptors."The reward system is a complex of areas in the brain that affect craving for nicotine, alcohol and other addictive substances.The next step in the research, said Messing, would be to develop compounds that inhibit PKC epsilon. The ultimate goal, he added, would be medications that could be used "to take the edge off of addiction by helping people get over some of their reward craving."

BEIJING, Sept. 10 (Xinhua) -- China will start "overall and thorough" safety checks on offshore oil exploration and production to eliminate risks in the wake of oil spills in the country's northern Bohai Bay, the work safety authority said Saturday.The checks, which starts from September 10 to December 10, will be applied to all offshore oil exploration and production, the State Administration of Work Safety said in a circular addressed to oil companies on its website.The companies include China National Petroleum Corporation, China Petrochemical Corporation, China National Offshore Oil Corporation, ConocoPhillips China, Kerr-McGee China Petroleum Ltd., Roc Oil (Bohai) Company, CACT Operators Group, Husky Oil China Ltd., Shanghai Petroleum Co., Energy Development Corporation (EDC) China and Tincy Group Energy, the statement said.The administration urged these enterprises to conduct self-examinations on their offshore fixed and mobile platforms and floating production storage and offloading units, submarine pipelines and onshore oil terminals in two months till November 10. They should file result reports before November 20.The authority's officials, joined by experts, will launch inspections from late November, the statement said. The checks cover well control amid drilling operation, safety management during production, facilities, and management over extreme weather, it added.The order came after the State Council on Wednesday called for strengthened monitoring and management of the marine environment as well as safety checks over the country's ocean oil fields to toughen safety measures and erase potential risks.The decision was made after oil spills at an offshore oil field run by U.S. oil giant ConocoPhillips have polluted more than 5,500 square km of sea water in the Bohai Bay since June.The central government also imposed restricts on new petrochemical projects and ban reclamation projects in the bay for environmental concerns.China has stepped up efforts to explore and materialize offshore resources to seek more dependence of the marine industries as a strategic development move. In its 12th Five-Year Plan, the government advocates greater scientific and systematic utilization of marine resources and coastal areas as energy demand soars.

BEIJING, July 26 (Xinhuanet) -- Seven of the 20 top selling American prescription drugs will lose their patents by the end of next year, making way for less expensive generic versions, according to media reports.It's a shift that could save consumers billions of dollars -- assuming those big-ticket medications are willing to give up a trusted brand name for an off-label replacement.The prices of medications such as cholesterol-fighting Lipitor and blood thinner Plavix are expected to go down significantly, according to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).Lipitor will lose its patent in November. When that patent expires, people are advised to buy atorvastatin, the generic equivalent. Other brand names include the anti-psychotic Zyprexa and the rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis drug Enbrel, of which the patent will expire in October and October of next year, respectively.Over the next 10 years, an estimated 120 more brand-name prescription drugs will lose their patents in the U.S.

WASHINGTON, July 8 (Xinhua) -- U.S. space shuttle Atlantis lifted off on Friday morning from Kennedy Space Center in Florida, on the 135th and final flight in NASA's shuttle program.The shuttle blasted off at about 11:29 a.m. EDT (1529 GMT) on a tower of flame, NASA TV showed.Before taking flight, shuttle Commander Christopher Ferguson saluted all those who contributed over the years to the shuttle program."The shuttle is always going to be a reflection of what a great nation can do when it dares to be bold and commits to follow through,'' he said. "We're not ending the journey today ... we're completing a chapter of a journey that will never end.''In this photo released by NASA, space shuttle Atlantis lifts off from NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, the United States, July 8, 2011. U.S. space shuttle Atlantis lifted off at about 11:29 a.m. EDT (1529 GMT) on Friday from Kennedy Space Center in Florida, on the 135th and final flight in NASA's shuttle program.Atlantis's primary payload is an Italian-built cargo hauler named Raffaello which is loaded with 8,640 pounds (3,919 kgs) of food, clothing, supplies and science equipment to sustain space station operations after the shuttles are retired.Only four astronauts take to the skies because there is no shuttle available for a rescue flight should anything go wrong. Normally NASA sends six or seven astronauts on space shuttle flights -- with the last four-person shuttle crew launched 28 years ago.But Atlantis' status as the final flight means there is no other space shuttle on standby and the U.S. would have to call on Russia for any rescue operation. The Russian Soyuz capsules hold just three astronauts and at least one must be Russian, so two crew members would have to fly up and bring home the Americans from the International Space Station one at a time.The crew will also return an ammonia pump that recently failed on the station. Engineers want to understand why the pump failed and improve designs for future spacecraft. One spacewalk is planned during Atlantis' mission, though it will be conducted by NASA's two resident space station astronauts, rather than the shuttle crew.It is the 33rd voyage for Atlantis. Its return to the earth later this month will mark the end of the 30-year shuttle program.Atlantis will be the last shuttle to be retired. Discovery was first in March, followed by Endeavour at the beginning of June. Each shuttle will head to a museum.When the U.S. space shuttle program officially ends later this year, the Russian space program's Soyuz capsule will be the only method for transporting astronauts to and from the station.Space shuttles have made great contributions to U.S. space exploration. They allowed astronauts to not only launch satellites, but to grab and repair them and put them back into service. Most remarkably, they allowed NASA to regularly rejuvenate the Hubble Space Telescope, which for 21 years has produced images that are transforming astronomers' understanding of the universe. With their enormous cargo bays, the shuttles also enabled the United States and its partners to build the International Space Station.However, high costs, risks, policy shift force the U.S. to quit the space shuttle program.NASA originally estimated the program would cost about 90 billion U.S. dollars. However, its actual cost stands at about 200 billion dollars, compared with the 151 billion dollars spent on Apollo which took Americans to the moon in 1969.Seven astronauts perished when Challenger exploded about a minute after launch in 1986. Nearly two decades after the Challenger explosion, a new catastrophe shocked NASA when the shuttle Columbia disintegrated moments before landing in 2003.One out of every 67 flights ended in death. Based on deaths per million miles traveled, the space shuttle is 138 times riskier than a passenger jet.The panel that investigated the 2003 Columbia accident concluded: "It is in the nation's interest to replace the Shuttle as soon as possible.''The Obama administration wants to spur private companies to get into the space taxi business, freeing NASA to focus on deep space exploration and new technology development.During his first-ever Twitter town hall meeting on Wednesday, Obama said NASA needs new technology breakthroughs to revitalize its mission to explore the universe."The shuttle did some extraordinary work in low-orbit experiments, the International Space Station, moving cargo. It was an extraordinary accomplishment. And we're very proud of the work that it did," Obama said. "But now what we need is that next technological breakthrough."

SYDNEY, June 29 (Xinhua) -- A type of dried seaweed sold in Asian food supermarkets in Australia has been recalled after it was found to have high levels of iodine dangerous to pregnant women, local media reported on Wednesday.Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ) has ordered the recall of Wang Dried Kelp Varech Speche, a Korean brand of the dried seaweed, according to Australian Associated Press (AAP).It has been available in Asian grocery stores and restaurants in the Brisbane and Gold Coast areas of Queensland."The product contains high levels of naturally occurring iodine," FSANZ said in a statement."Regular consumption of these products may cause health problems in some people including pregnant and breastfeeding women."FSANZ said consumers concerned about their health should seek medical advice and should return the products to the place of purchase for a full cash refund.

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