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With a coronavirus vaccine still months off, companies are rushing to test what may be the next best thing: drugs that deliver antibodies to fight the virus right away, without having to train the immune system to make them.Antibodies are proteins the body makes when an infection occurs; they attach to a virus and help it be eliminated. Vaccines work by tricking the body into thinking there’s an infection so it makes antibodies and remembers how to do that if the real bug turns up.But it can take a month or two after vaccination or infection for the most effective antibodies to form. The experimental drugs shortcut that process by giving concentrated versions of specific ones that worked best against the coronavirus in lab and animal tests.“A vaccine takes time to work, to force the development of antibodies. But when you give an antibody, you get immediate protection,” said University of North Carolina virologist Dr. Myron Cohen. “If we can generate them in large concentrations, in big vats in an antibody factory ... we can kind of bypass the immune system.”These drugs are believed to last for a month or more and could give quick, temporary immunity to people at high risk of infection, such as health workers and housemates of someone with COVID-19. If they proved effective and if a vaccine doesn’t materialize or protect as hoped, the drugs might eventually be considered for wider use, perhaps for teachers or other groups.They’re also being tested as treatments, to help the immune system and prevent severe symptoms or death.“The hope there is to target people who are in the first week of their illness and that we can treat them with the antibody and prevent them from getting sick,” said Dr. Marshall Lyon, an infectious disease specialist helping to test one such drug at Emory University in Atlanta.Having such a tool “would be a really momentous thing in our fight against COVID,” Cohen said.Vaccines are seen as a key to controlling the virus, which has been confirmed to have infected more than 20 million people worldwide and killed more than 738,000. Several companies are racing to develop vaccines, but the results of the large final tests needed to evaluate them are months away.The antibody drugs are “very promising” and, in contrast, could be available “fairly soon,” said Dr. Janet Woodcock, a U.S. Food and Drug Administration official who is leading government efforts to speed COVID-19 therapies. Key studies are underway and some answers should come by early fall.One company, Eli Lilly, has already started manufacturing its antibody drug, betting that studies now underway will give positive results.“Our goal is to get something out as soon as possible” and to have hundreds of thousands of doses ready by fall, said Lilly’s chief scientific officer, Dr. Daniel Skovronsky.Another company that developed an antibody drug cocktail against Ebola — Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. — now is testing one for coronavirus.“The success with our Ebola program gives us some confidence that we can potentially do this again,” said Christos Kyratsous, a Regeneron microbiologist who helped lead that work.Regeneron’s drug uses two antibodies to enhance chances the drug will work even if the virus evolves to evade action by one.Lilly is testing two different, single-antibody drugs — one with the Canadian company AbCellera and another with a Chinese company, Junshi Biosciences. In July, Junshi said no safety concerns emerged in 40 healthy people who tried it and that larger studies were getting underway.Others working on antibody drugs include Amgen and Adaptive Biotechnologies. The Singapore biotech company Tychan Pte Ltd. also is testing an antibody drug and has similar products in development for Zika virus and yellow fever.“I’m cautiously optimistic” about the drugs, said the nation’s top infectious diseases expert, Dr. Anthony Fauci. “I’m heartened by the experience that we had with Ebola,” where the drugs proved effective.What could go wrong?— The antibodies may not reach all of the places in the body where they need to act, such as deep in the lungs. All the antibody drugs are given through an IV and must make their way through the bloodstream to wherever they’re needed.— The virus might mutate to avoid the antibody — the reason Regeneron is testing a two-antibody combo that binds to the virus in different places to help prevent its escape.Skovronsky said Lilly stuck with one antibody because manufacturing capacity would essentially be cut in half to make two, and “you will have less doses available.” If a single antibody works, “we can treat twice as many people,” he said.— The antibodies might not last long enough. If they fade within a month, it’s still OK for treatment since COVID-19 illness usually resolves in that time. But for prevention, it may not be practical to give infusions more often than every month or two.A San Francisco company, Vir Biotechnology Inc., says it has engineered antibodies to last longer than they usually do to avoid this problem. GlaxoSmithKline has invested 0 million in Vir to test them.Giving a higher dose also may help. If half of antibodies disappear after a month, “if you give twice as much, you will have two months’ protection,” Lilly’s Skovronsky said.— The big fear: Antibodies may do the opposite of what’s hoped and actually enhance the virus’s ability to get into cells or stimulate the immune system in a way that makes people sicker. It’s a theoretical concern that hasn’t been seen in testing so far, but large, definitive experiments are needed to prove safety.“As best as we can tell, the antibodies are helpful,” Lyon said.___Marilynn Marchione can be followed on Twitter: @MMarchioneAP___The Associated Press Health and Science Department receives support from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Department of Science Education. The AP is solely responsible for all content. 5919

While many Americans do it, taking a selfie with a completed ballot is considered a crime in most states. According to CNN, there are laws prohibiting taking or distributing photos of your ballot while at the polls in 27 states. For voters in 23 states and DC, photos from the voting booth are generally permissible. A person could be charged with a felony in Illinois and Wisconsin for taking photos at the ballot booth.While some of the 23 states have previously had laws prohibiting photography of ballots, there have been recent court rulings questioning the constitutionality of such laws. One example came during 2016 in New Hampshire. The state argued that the law was necessary to prevent ballot photography to be used as a means of voter fraud or intimidation. The plaintiffs argued that prohibiting ballot photography denied voters their free speech rights. A federal appeals court ruled 3-0 that the state had not shown that it was using the least restrictive means to achieve a compelling state interest of prohibiting voting fraud. According to the ruling, New Hampshire Secretary of State William Gardner was unable to show examples of how ballot photography led to voting fraud. "The restriction affects voters who are engaged in core political speech, an area highly protected by the First Amendment," the ruling states. "There is an increased use of social media and ballot selfies in particular in service of political speech by voters. A ban on ballot selfies would suppress a large swath of political speech."Indiana also had a law passed in 2015 that would have made ballot selfies a felony struck down by a federal judge.In Colorado, the state made it legal in 2017 to take ballot pictures. But in Alabama, Arizona, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Iowa, Maryland, Michigan, Nevada, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas and West Virginia, it is illegal to take photos at the polling place, according to CNN. In Alaska, Louisiana, Massachusets, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Oklahoma, Utah and Vermont, pictures at the ballot box are okay, but cannot include a photo of a completed ballot.  To see a state-by-state breakdown of the laws regulating ballot selfies, click here.  2343

When students normally head back to school, they're greeted with new teachers, classmates, and a new school picture. But professional school photos are either delayed or looking a little different this year because of the pandemic."It's very different. One of the things is we had a lot of schools that hadn't even started back yet, but a lot that have come back have pushed back their start date," explained Erin Middleton, the manager of operations for BPI Photography in Georgia.Middleton says their company is working closely with schools to safely photograph students who are back in-person in the classroom and accommodate those who aren't. BPI Photography says it first works with schools--with social distancing and masks in mind--to take photos of students who are at the school."Then, we actually create a report that is a not-photographed report, and on that not-photographed report would be your students that are face-to-face that didn’t make it on the original picture day,” Middleton explained. “But we also are capturing our virtual students on the absentee day which is like a make-up or retake day.”Middeton says sometimes the photos for virtual students take place after school hours. The company says they are doing everything they can to accommodate schools and families during this unprecedented time. A time some people are wanting to remember in their school picture. That means students and faculty taking their pictures while wearing a mask.For families who are feeling a little lost at this time, Shutterfly and Lifetouch are offering a 2020 School Picture Day guide on their website, plus a new feature for students who are remote learning from home."What we wanted to do in this crazy year of COVID is be able to provide some options for parents and we are photographing at lots of schools around the US but also where picture day isn’t taking place,” said Stephanie Schmid, vice president of marketing and merchandising for Lifetouch. “We wanted to provide a really flexible option for families and meet them where they are, and oftentimes, that's in their living room or their kitchen."Lifetouch launched a new feature through Shutterfly's app, where parents can upload a photo of their child and choose a professional background that they'd normally see in school photos. This allows them to order a school photo that looks just like the one they'd have taken at school."We know families like to have a collection, so you have that child and you want that kindergarten through 8th grade collection and sometimes families order the same background every year. What we did is we offered blue, which is the iconic Lifetouch Picture Day background along with a number of other best sellers so that families can continue their collection and not miss a beat even with a year like this, with COVID-19," said Schmid.Capturing the smiles on children's faces, even if they've had a rocky start to the school year. 2944

While kids are on summer break, districts across the country are working to determine whether or not to reopen schools, and how to do it safely.School leaders are racing the clock to figure out what the next school year will look like.“We’ve been looking at how can we provide a high quality education in this environment,” said Lisa Yates, Superintendent at Buena Vista School District.For Yates, that decision is simple.“We’re hearing that from families, we’re hearing that from students, we want to be back in school,” she said.At Buena Vista Middle and High School in the Colorado mountains, summer school is in session at their brand new, still under construction, building. Students and teachers are piloting a new platform that leaders hope will help come fall.The platform was installed in early June and created by tech company Wolk. It works like this -- first, gateways are installed in classroom ceilings.“The system is called Open,” said Rene Otto, Solutions Architect for Wolk.com.Next, students and teachers put on a wearable device at the beginning of the school day. “They’re given these safety cards or wristbands, so what these do is they act as beacons,” she explained.The devices currently use Bluetooth to communicate. Using the gateways, the software shows when a beacon comes within a certain amount of space of another beacon, for how long, and if the beacon moves rooms.“The point of it was to help people understand where they are in a physical space, so we can figure out if safe social distancing is being practiced,” Otto said.The school district’s technology coordinator, Matt Brooker, helped install the system. “If we did have an incident where a kid is positive, could we do contact tracing with this?” he said.For students, the idea seems simple enough.“It’s going to record where you walk and how close you get to other people,” 6th grade Aidan explained. “It’s like wearing a little necklace. It doesn’t really bother me that much.” Others weren’t as convinced. “Personally, I don’t know if a lot of people are going to want to wear them,” 10th grader Taylor said.With every tracking device comes concerns over data and privacy.“It took me a little bit,” said Reba Jackson, a teacher at the school. “I’m a little paranoid about tracking things.”“I went from feeling like it might be a little bit invasive,” teacher Robin Fritsch, explained. “It’s not a big deal. If it gives us valuable data, I’m in.”Otto said not to worry.“We really want to make sure privacy is protected. So the way it works is, only the administrators of the schools have access to the identifying information,” she explained. In other words, each tracker has a number as the identifying name. Only school admin members are able to match that number with a student. “I don’t think any parents or people want to be tracked by a technology company generally. But if that information can help make people safer, I think it’s valuable.”Otto said for the system to work fully, they need at least 60% of students and teachers using it. This helps find hot spots that potentially need more cleaning or more attention to create a better socially distanced space.“I think it’s going to be a valuable tool,” Fritsch said.As students come back, the hope is that the system will help identify who has come into contact with someone who tested positive for COVID-19, and stop the spread there. This could mean the difference between sending 10 kids home and sending the entire school home in the event of a positive case.“Typically rural communities, as far as economic development, don’t have the resources the major metropolitan areas might have,” said Wendell Pryor, Director of Chaffee County Economic Development Corporation. “So any tool like this that aids in the threat of an outbreak and the way it might spread, I think is going to be a bonus to everybody involved.”“In person is where we want to be, so we’re putting our resources there,” Superintendent Yates said. 3979

When he was diagnosed with two autoimmune diseases, Joel Hechler knew he’d be in for a battle. He didn’t realize maybe his toughest one would be with his insurance company.“I think they put the dollars ahead of a patient’s health,” Hechler said. “I don’t think they fully understand the impact the medicine will have on my long-term health and well-being."Hechler suffers from Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, diseases that attack the lining of his digestive tract. Autoimmune conditions like his can’t be cured but, with the right medication, the symptoms can be controlled.  Finding the right medicine can be hard for those suffering from autoimmune diseases. Even if there are scores of drugs on the market, some patients might only respond to one. In Joel’s case, his doctor thought he’d have a better chance trying a drug called Remicade.“I received a letter from my insurance company that denied the Remicade on the basis that I have to try a different drug before I can get to Remicade," Hechler said.Hechler's insurance company, Premera Blue Cross, wouldn’t approve the drug his doctor prescribed because they wanted him to try a cheaper one first.It’s part of a program that health insurers nationwide use called step therapy, requiring that patients try less-costly drugs before “stepping up” to more expensive ones — even if doctors believes the cheaper drug won’t work.Dr. Larry Adler is president of Huron Gastro in Ypsilanti, Michigan and says he spends virtually every day battling insurance companies over step therapy drugs.“They have to fail this medicine first before they get the new drug,” Adler said. “That doesn’t make any sense.”Adler says it's common for patients to get sicker while waiting for step therapy to run its course.In Hechler's case, it took six weeks of fighting with his insurer to convince them that the cheaper drug wouldn’t be effective. As he was waiting, he was getting worse.“It got to the point where I had to be admitted to the hospital,” Hechler said. "I was very, very sick.”Step therapies are used by insurers to try to control skyrocketing prescription medicine costs, says Glen Perry, Director of Pharmacy Contracting and Sales for Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan.“These drugs can cost up to 0,000 per year. These are not cheap medications,” Perry said.“It seems like you’re telling patients that, in many cases, your insurer knows what’s best for you, rather than your doctor,” Jones said.“We are trying to provide the most cost effective and safe medication use,” Perry said, adding that when a doctor and insurer disagree over a drug, they can usually resolve the case within a few days without putting a patient at serious risk.“A delay of one or two days I don’t think is really going to make that much of a difference for the medical outcome of the patient," he said.But for many patients, like Phyllis Toole, the delay is longer than a few days.Phyllis suffers from rheumatoid arthritis, a condition where her body attacks her joints. When her doctor wanted to put her on Orencia, her insurance company HAP said she needed to first try a less expensive drug, Humira.But Phyllis’ doctor was worried about possible side effects and thought Humira could be risky.After battling for months, Phyllis says the whole thing made her feel more like a number than a patient. With her doctor and insurer in a standoff, she was forced to rely on samples of the drug she got from her doctor. HAP never approved her prescription.“They’re playing doctor, is what it feels like,” Toole said. “They’re saying this is what you can have for the symptoms you have. It may make you sicker, but this is what you can have.”HAP issued the following statement to Scripps station WXYZ in Detroit: 3800

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