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BEIJING, Aug. 16 (Xinhuanet) -- Almost one in four Chinese students aged between 12 and 14 have tried smoking, according to the results of a survey released by the Chinese Association on Tobacco Control (CATC).The survey, carried out among 38,839 students and 6,503 teachers from middle and high schools in 11 provinces across the country between May and June, showed that 22.5 percent of students aged between 12 and 14 had tried smoking and that 15.8 percent of middle and high school students smoke regularly."There are definitely quite a number of boy students in my class who smoke regularly as some have been found smoking outside campus during lunch break," said Li Xiaolan, an English teacher from a high school in Shanghai. The survey also found that 39 percent of students took their first cigarette from their classmates."It was quite common to smoke with my classmates at school and we usually smoked in toilets or in corners of the playground after lunch," said Zhou Guangrong, a 22-year-old university student from Guiyang, Guizhou province, who started smoking when he was 12.The majority of student smokers buy cigarettes themselves and about 76 percent of the adolescent smokers said that there is at least one cigarette shop within 200 meters from their school."When I was a student at middle and high schools, they were surrounded by cigarette shops," said Zhou who used to smoke two cigarettes per day in primary school and two packs per week in middle and high school."We're keen to show that more adolescents are starting smoking much younger than before, and that we need to minimize the number of young smokers," said Duan Jiali, secretary-general of the youth tobacco control commission under CATC. Duan added that teachers and parents should set a good example for teenagers by not smoking in front of them at school or at home, which is the most influential way of stopping adolescents from smoking.China banned smoking in 16 types of public indoor venues - including hospitals, schools, bars, restaurants and hotels - on May 1 in an attempt to curb tobacco use in the country with the world's largest number of smokers.Currently, there are more than 300 million smokers in China, and about 1.2 million people die from smoking-related diseases every year, accounting for one-fifth of the world's total, according to statistics from the World Health Organization."Meanwhile, about 540 million people are exposed to secondhand smoke, 48.9 percent of which are adolescents (from 15 to 19 years old)," said Xu Guihua, deputy director of the CATC."It's essential and urgent for us to control the number of adult smokers who potentially tempt adolescents to smoke."

SUVA, Sept. 21 (Xinhua) -- The Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC) stressed on Wednesday that sustainable use and management of forests and tree resources will remain its important focus for the foreseeable future.Sairusi Bulai, a forestry team coordinator of SPC's Land Resources Division (LRD) told a regional workshop currently underway in Fiji's western tourist city of Nadi that "our main issue was and continues to be the lack of adequate resources to enable countries to effectively implement sustainable forest management.""Therefore, we are very fortunate that we have this opportunity to discuss findings and recommendations of the mission, which the UN-REDD Program has undertaken in the Pacific earlier this year," he added.REDD+ is a new international mechanism to compensate developing countries for reducing their rate of deforestation and forest degradation and increasing their carbon stocks.Developing countries participate on a voluntary basis. They provide technical and financial assistance to enable eligible countries to meet the requirements for future participation. Once a country begins participating, it receives compensation for its verified reduction in carbon emission from forest activities.The UN-REDD Program is a collaborative partnership of the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) to support countries in the preparation of this mechanism.Bulai encouraged participants to take advantage of the excellent opportunity to discuss REDD+ experiences in the region and to link up with the experts in attendance.REDD+ gives an excellent opportunity to create better awareness and understanding amongst all stakeholders, including resource owners, so that informed decisions are made to avoid exploitation, he said.Bulai, meanwhile, stressed on the critical importance of multi- sectoral as well as multi-stakeholder based approaches to forest management to effectively reduce deforestation and forest degradation.

SINGAPORE, Sept. 7 (Xinhua) -- Singapore scientists have found possible new ways to treat a type of aggressive breast cancer that is unresponsive to current forms of treatment, local broadcaster Channel NewsAsia reported on Wednesday.The team of scientists at the Genome Institute of Singapore ( GIS) and National University of Singapore (NUS), led by GIS senior group leader Qiang Yu, found that the enzyme EZH2 acts by inhibiting genes that stop the growth of tumors in the body.The insights could open the door to developing more effective treatment for fast spreading breast cancers, especially the estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer that is common all over the world.It was also found that through EZH2, cancer is promoted in the body by activating specific genes that impact breast cancer progression and cancer stem cell self-renewal.Yu said the new understanding on how EZH2 works as a cancer- causing gene in breast cancer has important therapeutic implication."The results suggest that small molecule drugs that block enzyme activity of EZH2 may not work for cancers caused by EZH2's activation genes," Yu said.Currently pharmaceutical companies have been developing drugs only to the block EZH2 enzyme activity so that tumor suppressers can perform their protective role in blocking cancer growth.Researchers said the next step would be to develop biomarkers to identify tumors with EZH2.This step would enable better treatment methods, with one of options being the development of therapies that shut down EZH2 completely and not just inhibit its enzymatic function.The findings have been published on the journal Molecular Cell.

LOS ANGELES, June 3 (Xinhua) -- Eating earth may protect the stomach against toxins, parasites and pathogens, a new study suggests.To examine the possible benefits from eating earth, researchers at Cornell University analyzed reports from missionaries, plantation doctors, explorers, and anthropologists to put together a database of more than 480 cultural accounts of geophagy -- the eating of earth.The database includes as many details as possible about the circumstances under which earth was consumed, and by whom. The researchers could then use patterns in the data to evaluate each potential explanation.Studies in the database indicate that geophagy is common even when food is plentiful. Moreover, when people eat dirt they tend to eat only small quantities that are unlikely to fill an empty stomach.The database shows that geophagy is documented most commonly in women in the early stages of pregnancy and in pre-adolescent children. Both categories of people are especially sensitive to parasites and pathogens, according to the researchers.In addition, geophagy is most common in tropical climates where foodborne microbes are abundant. Finally, the database shows that people often eat earth during episodes of gastrointestinal stress.It's unlikely the intestinal problems are caused by the dirt itself because the type of clay people usually eat comes from deep in the ground, where pathogens and parasites are unlikely to contaminate it. Plus, people usually boil the clay before eating it.More study would be helpful to confirm the protection hypothesis, the researchers say, but the available data at this point clearly support it over the other explanations for eating earth."We hope this paper stimulates (more) research," said Sera Young, a researcher at Cornell University and the study's lead author. "More importantly, we hope readers agree that it is time to stop regarding geophagy as a bizarre, non-adaptive gustatory mistake.""With these data, it is clear that geophagy is a widespread behavior in humans ...that occurs during both vulnerable life stages and when facing ecological conditions that require protection."The study is appearing in the June issue of The Quarterly Review of Biology.

GENEVA, Aug. 10 (Xinhua) -- In a bid to prevent millions of deaths and suffering every year from malnutrition, the Geneva-based World Health Organization (WHO) launched an online initiative on Wednesday.The e-Library of Evidence for Nutrition Actions (eLENA), according to WHO, offers the latest advice on tackling the three main forms of malnutrition, including undernutrition, vitamin and mineral deficiencies, as well as overweight and obesity.The recommendations by eLENA to tackle malnutrition include promoting breastfeeding and fortifying staple foods with vitamins and minerals such as iron and folic acid for wheat and maize flours.It also recommends using multiple micronutrient powders to fortify foods for children aged between six and 23 months.To prevent anaemia, daily iron and folic supplements are advised for pregnant women, and intermittent iron and folic acid supplementation is recommended for menstruating women and preschool and school-age.While overweight and obesity affect around 1.5 billion adults over age 20, and more than 40 million children aged under five across the world, underweight is the leading risk factor for many diseases in low-income countries and represents about six percent of the world medical burden, WHO statistics showed.

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