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The transformation of 7% of Scott's DNA suggests longer-term changes in genes related to at least five biological pathways and functions.The newest preliminary results from this unique study of Scott, now retired from NASA, were released at the 2018 Investigator's Workshop for NASA's Human Research Program in January. Last year, NASA published its first round of preliminary results at the 2017 Investigator's Workshop. Overall, the 2018 findings corroborated those from 2017, with some additions.To track physical changes caused by time in space, scientists measured Scott's metabolites (necessary for maintaining life), cytokines (secreted by immune system cells) and proteins (workhorses within each cell) before, during and after his mission. The researchers learned that spaceflight is associated with oxygen-deprivation stress, increased inflammation and dramatic nutrient shifts that affect gene expression.In particular, Chris Mason of Weill Cornell Medicine reported on the activation of Scott's "space genes" while confirming the results of his separate NASA study, published last year.To better understand the genetic dynamics of each twin, Mason and his team focused on chemical changes in RNA and DNA. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that each twin has more than expected unique mutations in his genome -- in fact, hundreds.Although 93% of Scott's genetic expression returned to normal once he returned to Earth, a subset of several hundred "space genes" remained disrupted. Some of these mutations, found only after spaceflight, are thought to be caused by the stresses of space travel.As genes turn on and off, change in the function of cells may occur. 1676

The result is charter school enrollment has more than doubled over the last 10 years, according to a legislative analysis of the proposal. Today, California has more than 1,300 charter schools that account for about 10% of the state's more than 6.2 million public school students, according to the California Department of Education. 333

The proposed budget addresses this priority in a number of ways,"" he said." 582

The website features content from the company’s portfolio of brands, including American Girl, Barbie, Fisher-Price, Hot Wheels, Thomas & Friends and more. The resource provides easy access to printable coloring pages and activities, free and ready-to-play games, crafting and DIY projects, animated, stop-motion and live-action videos and downloadable apps. Additionally, the site has play-from-home information and tips for parents and caregivers to encourage their kids to keep playing during this time of crisis. Mattel says 532

The rewards of success, athletic success, have become very great. The deterrents sometimes aren't as effective as they need to be. What we want are deterrents that really impact an institution, said Notre Dame President Fr. John Jenkins, who was a member of the Rice commission. 278

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