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As the novel coronavirus emerged in the news in January, Sarah Keeley was working as a medical scribe and considering what to do with her biology degree.By February, as the disease crept across the U.S., Keeley found her calling: a career in public health. “This is something that’s going to be necessary,” Keeley remembered thinking. “This is something I can do. This is something I’m interested in.”In August, Keeley began studying at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign to become an epidemiologist.Public health programs in the United States have seen a surge in enrollment as the coronavirus has swept through the country, killing more than 247,000 people. As state and local public health departments struggle with unprecedented challenges — slashed budgets, surging demand, staff departures and even threats to workers’ safety —- a new generation is entering the field.Among the more than 100 schools and public health programs that use the common application — a single admissions application form that students can send to multiple schools — there was a 20% increase in applications to master’s in public health programs for the current academic year, to nearly 40,000, according to the Association of Schools and Programs of Public Health.Some programs are seeing even bigger jumps. Applications to Brown University’s small master’s in public health program rose 75%, according to Annie Gjelsvik, a professor and director of the program.Demand was so high as the pandemic hit full force in the spring that Brown extended its application deadline by over a month. Seventy students ultimately matriculated this fall, up from 41 last year.“People interested in public health are interested in solving complex problems,” Gjelsvik said. “The COVID pandemic is a complex issue that’s in the forefront every day.”It’s too early to say whether the jump in interest in public health programs is specific to that field or reflects a broader surge of interest in graduate programs in general, according to those who track graduate school admissions. Factors such as pandemic-related deferrals and disruptions in international student admissions make it difficult to compare programs across the board.Magnolia E. Hernández, an assistant dean at Florida International University’s Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, said new student enrollments in its master’s in public health program grew 63% from last year. The school has especially seen an uptick in interest among Black students, from 21% of newly admitted students last fall to 26.8% this year.Kelsie Campbell is one of them. She’s part Jamaican and part British. When she heard in both the British and American media that Black and ethnic minorities were being disproportionately hurt by the pandemic, she wanted to focus on why.“Why is the Black community being impacted disproportionately by the pandemic? Why is that happening?” Campbell asked. “I want to be able to come to you and say, ‘This is happening. These are the numbers and this is what we’re going to do.’”The biochemistry major at Florida International said she plans to explore that when she begins her MPH program at Stempel College in the spring. She said she hopes to eventually put her public health degree to work helping her own community.“There’s power in having people from your community in high places, somebody to fight for you, somebody to be your voice,” she said.Public health students are already working on the front lines of the nation’s pandemic response in many locations. Students at Brown’s public health program, for example, are crunching infection data and tracing the spread of the disease for the Rhode Island Department of Health.Some students who had planned to work in public health shifted their focus as they watched the devastation of COVID-19 in their communities. In college, Emilie Saksvig, 23, double-majored in civil engineering and public health. She was supposed to start working this year as a Peace Corps volunteer to help with water infrastructure in Kenya. She had dreamed of working overseas on global public health.The pandemic forced her to cancel those plans, and she decided instead to pursue a master’s degree in public health at Emory University.“The pandemic has made it so that it is apparent that the United States needs a lot of help, too,” she said. “It changed the direction of where I wanted to go.”These students are entering a field that faced serious challenges even before the pandemic exposed the strains on the underfunded patchwork of state and local public health departments. An analysis by The Associated Press and Kaiser Health News found that since 2010, per capita spending for state public health departments has dropped by 16%, and for local health departments by 18%. At least 38,000 state and local public health jobs have disappeared since the 2008 recession.And the workforce is aging: Forty-two percent of governmental public health workers are over 50, according to the de Beaumont Foundation, and the field has high turnover. Before the pandemic, nearly half of public health workers said they planned to retire or leave their organizations for other reasons in the next five years. Poor pay topped the list of reasons. Some public health workers are paid so little that they qualify for public aid.Brian Castrucci, CEO of the de Beaumont Foundation, which advocates for public health, said government public health jobs need to be a “destination job” for top graduates of public health schools.“If we aren’t going after the best and the brightest, it means that the best and the brightest aren’t protecting our nation from those threats that can, clearly, not only devastate from a human perspective, but from an economic perspective,” Castrucci said.The pandemic put that already stressed public health workforce in the middle of what became a pitched political battle over how to contain the disease. As public health officials recommended closing businesses and requiring people to wear masks, many, including Dr. Anthony Fauci, the U.S. government’s top virus expert, faced threats and political reprisals, AP and KHN found. Many were pushed out of their jobs. An ongoing count by AP/KHN has found that more than 100 public health leaders in dozens of states have retired, quit or been fired since April.Those threats have had the effect of crystallizing for students the importance of their work, said Patricia Pittman, a professor of health policy and management at George Washington University’s Milken Institute School of Public Health.“Our students have been both indignant and also energized by what it means to become a public health professional,” Pittman said. “Indignant because many of the local and the national leaders who are trying to make recommendations around public health practices were being mistreated. And proud because they know that they are going to be part of that frontline public health workforce that has not always gotten the respect that it deserves.”Saksvig compared public health workers to law enforcement in the way they both have responsibility for enforcing rules that can alter people’s lives.“I feel like before the coronavirus, a lot of people didn’t really pay attention to public health,” she said. “Especially now when something like a pandemic is happening, public health people are just on the forefront of everything.”___KHN Midwest correspondent Lauren Weber and KHN senior correspondent Anna Maria Barry-Jester contributed to this report.___This story is a collaboration between The Associated Press and Kaiser Health News, which is a nonprofit news service covering health issues. It is an editorially independent program of the Kaiser Family Foundation. KHN is not affiliated with Kaiser Permanente. 7795

ATLANTA (AP) — The Atlanta-based rap artist known as Lil Marlo has died, his record label said.Quality Control Music announced the death of Rudolph “Marlo” Johnson on Sunday in a social media post, saying he'll be remembered as “a man of great talent who feared nothing.” 279

As the nation debates on whether to reopen schools this fall, President Donald Trump said schools should “100%” be open this fall, despite concerns from educator unions and others over the spread of the coronavirus.During his coronavirus news conference on Wednesday, Trump was asked whether he planned on sending his son and grandchildren back to school this fall.“Yes, I am comfortable with that,” Trump said.“I would like to see the schools open. Open 100% and we will do it safely, we will do carefully but when you look at the statistics -- I just read having to do with children and safety ---- they are very impressive. They have very strong immune systems,” Trump added.Trump said that it is his belief that children are less likely to spread the virus. But research thus far has not been conclusive to back Trump’s claims.A study released from South Korea and published by the CDC found that while children under age 9 were less likely to spread the virus, youth ages 10 through 19 were just as likely as adults of spreading the virus.The study also found that closing schools in several Chinese cities, including Wuhan, showed that school closure and social distancing significantly reduced the rate of COVID-19 among contacts of school-aged children. “The role of household transmission of SARS-CoV-2 amid reopening of schools and loosening of social distancing underscores the need for a time-sensitive epidemiologic study to guide public health policy,” the researchers wrote.The American Federation of Teachers this week pointed toward a three-point plan that the US should implement for reopening schools.“Our plan details three conditions essential for schools to reopen,” wrote Randi Weingarten, president of the American Federation of Teachers. “First, the average daily community infection rate among those tested for the coronavirus must be very low. (New York Gov. Andrew Cuomo has required the rate not to exceed 5 percent for at least 14 days.) Second, schools must employ public health protocols, including 6-feet social distancing, masks, deep cleaning and handwashing stations. Third, adequate resources must be available to enact these safeguards, including funding for additional nurses, guidance counselors and teachers to reduce class size.”Weingarten said that Trump has politicized reopening schools, and she called on Congress to approve giving schools additional funding to reopen. Weingarten projects that it would take 6 billion nationwide to provide essential services for schools."Expenses have increased because of the fight against coronavirus," she said. "They not only need funds to provide essential services, the average school will need an additional .2 million, or ,300 per student, to open its doors safely." 2770

As schools discuss in-person versus online learning for fall, parents are weighing their options. Homeschool groups are seeing increased interest from parents across the U.S.“We are homeschooling,” said Karissa Yeager, a mother in California. “We have decided we're just going to pull them from public school for the year and home school.”Yeager is a mother of two, and she’s concerned about the possibility of putting her 7 and 4-year-old daughters through mandatory mask-wearing requirements, in addition to other rules that may come with in-person learning this fall.“Let's just keep them home and put them in social situations where they’re still going to get to be kids, instead of sending them to school. I just didn't want the new formation of school to be what they think about when thought about school,” she said.Yeager is not alone.“Parents in droves are investigating and committing to homeschooling for this upcoming school year,” Linda Maepa, a board member with the Homeschool Association of California, said.Maepa is no stranger to teaching her kids. “I'm a veteran homeschooling mom of three,” she said. “Homeschooling allows you to build a lifestyle around education, around a love of learning.”With many schools moving to an online model for at least the beginning of this school year, parents are looking into the differences between online and homeschooling.“It’s using everything at your fingertips, everything that's available to you, to use as a learning tool. Going to the grocery store, pulling cans of soup off the shelf and looking at the label, said J. Allen Weston, the executive director of the National Homeschool Association.“We've had problems for decades, maybe over a century now, of being able to keep kids confined to a desk for six to eight hours a day. Now, trying to pin them in front of a screen for that same six to eight hours a day is going to be a disaster."But online learning expert Leanna Archambault, an associate professor at Arizona State University, says online school doesn’t have to be that way.“It can be interactive. I think it's just limited to the creativity of the teacher and the families, but there is this misconception that it's just sitting in front of the computer all the time, which we know is not a healthy thing in any kind of setting,” Archambault said.She said homeschooling is more like an individual sport, where parents are curating and teaching their kids. “Versus the online learning where there's a curriculum developed by a team, the teacher is there as a facilitator, the parent is really there as a learning coach,” she explained. “Online learning would be more of a team sport.”Homeschoolers say that’s not always the case.“What we create is pods and that's groups of families that all work full-time,” Weston said. “They take turns hosting each other's kids.”“You will find your type of situation represented among all homeschoolers. So ask, join your local communities and ask,” Maepa suggested.Regardless of a parent’s decision, the school system has been disrupted, and Maepa says it’s impacting everyone. “Everybody is doing something very different than what they've been doing every day for their education for their families,” she said.Archambault says she sees this disruption changing the way education works in the future. “That we reevaluate this strategic blend of what works well online and what potentially works well face-to-face when we’re allowed to return, and moving forward I think there's going to be a blend,” Archambault said. 3541

At a rally on Sunday, President Donald Trump said that he might fire Dr. Anthony Fauci, his administration's top infectious disease expert, shortly after Tuesday's election.At a rally in Opa-Locka, Florida on Sunday, supporters broke into a "Fire Fauci!" chant as Trump discussed the COVID-19 pandemic."Don't tell anyone, but let me wait 'til a little bit after the election," Trump said.The comments marked the first time that Trump has publicly indicated that he may fire Fauci, who has been the head of the National Institute for Allergies and Infectious Diseases since 1984.Fauci, a member of the White House's corornavirus task force, has consistently been the most plain-spoken Trump administration official when speaking about the challenges the country faces amid the pandemic.Trump has publicly criticized Fauci throughout the pandemic. In October, with COVID-19 cases on the rise, Trump tweeted an attack on Fauci. Days later, during a campaign call, Trump called Fauci a "disaster" and said he and other health experts were "idiots."Polling has shown that Americans consistently believe that they trust Fauci more than Trump when it comes to handling COVID-19.In the past, Fauci has implied that the White House has limited the number of media appearances he can make, and has also said an ad by the Trump campaign took him out of context. 1358

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