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Beijing has fined more than 50 people for spitting in the past week's holiday, a report said on Monday, as Beijing steps up a campaign to "civilize" the city before the 2008 Olympics. Officials also handed out more than 10,000 bags to tourists to try to keep them from littering as inspection teams fanned out across the city's tourist sites during the week-long Labor Day holiday, when hundreds of millions take to the roads. "The Olympics are coming, and we don't want to get disgraced," Xinhua news agency quoted travel guide Huang Xiaohui as saying. Guides had been instructed to remind tourists not to spit, litter or jump queues, and lead an "etiquette discussion" at the end of the tour, the report said, citing a circular issued by the China National Tourism Administration. China also has an official etiquette watchdog, the Spiritual Civilization Steering Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, which aims to curb uncivilized behavior. Chinese officials have expressed concern about rudeness and public spitting habits and launched campaigns to cultivate courtesy and civility, keen to ensure nothing mars Beijing's image during the Olympic Games. Among the initiatives, the 11th day of every month is now "voluntarily wait in line" day, designed to stamp out pushing and shoving in favor of orderly queues.

Almost 85 percent of Chinese people share just 100 surnames, with Wang, which literally means "king", being the most popular, the Xinhua news agency said on Tuesday. There are 93 million Wangs in China, followed closely by 92 million people with the family name Li and 88 million called Zhang, Xinhua said, citing newly-announced calculations by the Ministry of Public Security. Another seven common names -- including Chen, Zhou and Lin -- have at last 20 million members each, it added. Chinese family names can be traced back thousands of years and people generally feel a closeness to those with the same surname. But there are also some family names which are only used by a very few people, such as Guo, meaning to "cross over", and Mu, which means "mother".

The national urban and township unemployment rate was reduced to 4 percent last year, thanks to the creation of more than 12 million jobs and despite more people entering the workforce, a top labor official said yesterday.The number of jobs created exceeded the target of 9 million set at the beginning of last year, Zhai Yanli, vice-minister of Labor and Social Security, said at a press conference.Zhai said that by the end of the year, 99.9 percent of the country's 869,000 former "zero employment" families had succeeded in finding work for at least one member.Last year saw the total urban and township unemployment rate fall by 0.1 percentage points for the third year in a row.During the period of economic restructuring in the late 1990s, the rate rose to a high of 6 percent.Zhai attributed the decline to the country's economic growth and measures to stabilize employment. He said the rate will be held within 4.5 percent this year.Every year for the past decade, China has posted double-digit GDP growth. Between 1978 and 2006, the number of urban and township jobs rose from 95.14 million to 283.1 million.But the country continues to face employment pressure, with 10 million people entering the workforce every year between now and 2010, according to official figures.At the same time, the move away from labor-intensive industries in line with efforts to upgrade the economy and improve productivity will also mean fewer jobs being created in those industries, Chen Liangwen, an economics researcher at Peking University, said.Research by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences has suggested the government look to create more jobs in the country's tertiary, or service, industries.While these already account for about 39 percent of the country's total jobs, the ratio in many developed countries is between 50 and 60 percent.Zhai also said the ministry is mulling over a new salary regulation, to guarantee steady pay rises."The regulation has been drafted and is now soliciting advice. It will be submitted to the State Council for deliberation after certain legislative procedures," he said.Labor experts have said the new regulation, together with the newly implemented Labor Contract Law, have helped China enter a new era of employer-employee relations by offering more protection for workers.Wen Yueran, an expert in labor relations from Beijing's Renmin University of China, said low salaries were a major factor in accelerating China's economic growth over the past two decades.The country's total wage payments fell to 41.4 percent of GDP in 2005, compared with 53.4 percent in 1990, according to figures from the National Bureau of Statistics.Workers will need some hefty pay rises if China is to increase its wages-to-GDP ratio to the 55 percent level of most developed countries, Wen told the 21 Century Business Herald.Low wages and slow pay increases have had a negative impact on society and cooled consumption, Chen said.Steady and rational pay rises will help stimulate domestic consumption, which fell to a record low of 51.1 percent of GDP in 2006, Chen said.

The second batch of quotas for qualified foreign institutional investors (QFII), a scheme for foreign players to invest in the A-share market, is likely to be about billion, an industry insider, who declined to be named, told China Daily on Friday. The source said that the second batch of QFII quotas was being discussed, and pending approval by the Chinese government, was likely to be about billion, not exceeding that of the last batch, which was billion. Hu Xiaolian, Deputy Governor of the central bank and Administrator of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange (SAFE), said earlier that related rules on the QFII scheme were being amended and the total QFII quota would certainly see an increase in 2007. However, she declined to give a specific sum. China has so far approved 52 overseas institutions as QFIIs to invest in the A-share market, of which 49 have got a combined investment quota of .995 billion from SAFE, near the upper limit of billion as stipulated previously. Industry insiders said the demand for QFII quotas was strong at present and more should be granted. "Despite the excessive liquidity in the A share market, the Chinese government should grant more quotas to QFIIs. Otherwise, they will find other ways, making it more difficult to supervise," She Minhua, an analyst with CITIC China Securities said. Meanwhile, the booming Chinese stock market is attracting more foreign financial firms to set up joint ventures in the investment sector. The Financial Times on Thursday reported that Nikko Asset Management, a QFII approved in 2003, has become the first Japanese fund firm to acquire a 20 per cent stake in a local firm, the Shenzhen-based Rongtong Fund Management Company. Nikko AM bought the stake from Shaanxi International Trust & Investment (SITI), for 3.8 yuan per share, valued at 475 million yuan, according to a statement by the Shenzhen-listed SITI.

BEIJING - China is trying to improve the role of the country's more than 2,400 museums to make them more accessible to the public, according to an ongoing national conference attended by directors of provincial cultural relics departments.The museums, which are sponsored by the government, institutions or individuals, hold nearly 10,000 exhibitions on different themes annually. In all, they received about 150 million visitors each year.A big boost, thanks to government efforts, is that more and more Chinese museums have stopped its long-time practice of selling tickets to visitors.Increasingly, critics had complained that the expensive charges collected by educational and cultural institutions had become a big financial burden on Chinese families.To date, more than 1,000 museums and memorial institutions have been officially made educational bases for patriotism and popular science. They received 32 million underage visitors annually.