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You can think of NASA's Discovery program as a sort of outer-space American Idol: every few years the agency invites scientists to propose unmanned planetary missions. The projects have to address some sort of fundamental science question, and (this is the tough part) they have to be relatively cheap to pull off — say, half a billion dollars or so. Then the proposals go through a grueling competition before judges who aren't as nasty as Simon Cowell but who are every bit as tough. The one left standing at the end gets the equivalent of a recording contract: NASA supplies the funding and the launch vehicle, and away the winner goes — to orbit Mercury, as the Messenger spacecraft is doing right now; or to rendezvous with a couple of asteroids, as the Dawn mission will start doing this July; or to smash into a comet on purpose, a feat achieved by Deep Impact in 2005, a mission not to be confused with the movie of the same name. Now it's time for the next contenders. NASA has just announced that the first round of the latest Discovery competition is over, with three entries out of 28 moving on to the finals. They are, in increasing distance from Earth: the Geophysical Monitoring Station (GEMS) lander, which would use seismometers to study the interior of Mars; the Comet Hopper, which would do just that, leaping from place to place across the surface of Comet 46P/Wirtanen to see how different parts of the tumbling body react to heating by the sun; and the Titan Mare Explorer (TiME), which would plop into a sea of liquid hydrocarbons on Saturn's moon Titan — the first oceangoing vessel ever to set sail on another world. If you had to come up with a theme that ties all three missions together, it would be "origins." The Titan explorer, for example, will be studying a place that — in a crude way, at least — resembles the early planet Earth at a time when life arose here. Titan, with a thick atmosphere and a bizarro-world form of weather featuring toxic winds and hydrocarbon rain, is home to a mix of complex chemistry, complete with organic molecules. The oceans provide a medium in which the molecules can move around and interact with each other. It's even conceivable, though clearly a long shot, that some form of microscopic life already exists on this frigid moon. The Mars lander, by contrast, would visit a place where the seas — plain water in this case — vanished long ago. But the mission of GEMS goes far deeper than that. By analyzing Marsquakes on the Red Planet, GEMS will try to get a handle on what the interior of Mars is like. Scientists don't currently know whether the planet's core is liquid, like Earth's, or solid, or some mushy consistency in between. It all depends on how efficiently Mars has cooled since it formed 4.5 billion years ago, and that depends in turn on the planet's internal structure. "That's the mission," says Bruce Banerdt, of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, the lead scientist for GEMS. "We want to understand how Mars was built." Along with sensitive seismographic equipment, GEMS will drill down about 20 ft. (6 m) with a thermometer-equipped probe, trying to figure out how quickly the temperature rises with depth. "That will let us extrapolate all the way down to the center," Banerdt says, "which will tell us how fast Mars is cooling."

BEIJING, Feb. 14 (Xinhua) -- Chinese President Hu Jintao met with delegates from the national Party building society here Monday.Vice president Xi Jinping and He Guoqiang, secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (CCDI) of the Communist Party of China (CPC), were also present at the occasion in the Great Hall of the People.The delegates were here to attend the fifth national congress of the national Party building society which was established in 1992.Addressing the meeting Monday, Li Yuanchao, head of the Organization Department of the CPC Central Committee, called on all the party building research staff to keep focusing on their study and be innovative in thinking about party building theory so as to strengthen party building in a more scientific way.The society revised its constitution and re-elected members of its council at Monday's meeting.

BEIJING, Jan. 19 (Xinhua) -- China's central government on Wednesday called on local authorities to step up efforts to ensure a stable market supply of daily necessities, such as food and clothing, as freezing weather continues to plague south and southwest China.The Ministry of Commerce required local government departments to guide companies to increase supplies such as rice, edible oil, meat and vegetables.It also required local departments to closely watch market changes and release reserves of commodities when necessary, said a statement on its website.The statement said the government of southwest China's Chongqing Municipality has urged local supermarkets to maintain the prices of 10 types of vegetables that are affordable to the public, while authorities in the rain and snow-battered Guizhou and Hunan provinces guided logistics companies and wholesales markets to take measures to insure supplies.The Ministry of Agriculture on Wednesday also ordered local departments to expand areas for growing vegetables when conditions allow, as agricultural experts were also sent to fields to help farmers save their crops.The country's meteorological authority forecast Wednesday that over the next three days, heavy snow and icy rain would continue in provinces and municipalities including Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, and Chongqing.

BEIJING, Feb. 25 (Xinhua) -- Chinese Vice Premier Li Keqiang on Thursday ordered local governments to increase funding for affordable housing projects, stressing that the construction of 10 million units was a mandatory task that must be fulfilled this year.Speaking at a national conference on affordable housing for low and middle income groups, Li said that the construction of 10 million affordable housing units this year is of great significance for the government to stabilize public expectations, control housing prices, improve people's lives and boost domestic consumption."Housing is imperative for people's lives and local governments must waste no time in beginning the construction of 10 million affordable housing units this year and putting them into service as early as possible," Li said.To facilitate the government's subsidized affordable housing projects, Li said that local governments should ensure basic market supply with small units and guide the public to "reasonable consumption."More efforts are also needed to develop low-rent public housing and satisfy the demands of residents for affordable public housing, Li said. To support the construction of affordable housing, local governments can use tax breaks, determine the rent for public housing reasonably and finance construction projects in different ways, such as bank loans and social investment, he added.Li also called on local governments to increase land supplies for common commercial housing construction. The vice premier called on authorities to ensure transparency and fairness in the distribution of affordable housing units to benefit low-income groups who are in need.He stressed the need to discourage house purchases for the purposes of investment and speculation and to increase the supply of common commercial apartments and strictly implement the central government's macro control policies for the real estate market.The Chinese central government signed strict agreements with provincial governments to guarantee the construction of 10 million government-subsidized apartments this year. The target of building 10 million government-subsidized apartments is 72.4 percent more than last year, according to official figures.China's affordable housing provisions are divided into different categories, including "economic housing" that are sold below market prices, "price-capped housing," government-owned "low-rent housing" for extremely poor residents and "public-rent housing" for a wider range of people.

BEIJING, March 24 (Xinhuanet) -- A new study has found that Actos, a medicine treats onset diabetes, could also reduce the diabetes risk in people with prediabetes.The study, which was published Wednesday in New England Journal of Medicine, followed 602 prediabetics whose obesity, ethnicity, family history and other factors put them at high risk of developing diabetes.The research findings showed that Actos, generically known as pioglitazone, reduced the odds of developing Type 2 diabetes by 72 percent in people with prediabetes.Only 2.1 percent of those who took Actos developed diabetes each year over the three years of the study, compared with 7.6 percent of those who took a placebo.Lead author of the study Ralph DeFronzo said, "The 72 percent reduction is the largest decrease in the conversion rate of pre-diabetes to (Type 2) diabetes that has ever been demonstrated by any intervention, be it diet, exercise or medication."However, Actos can have significant side effects, including water retention, moderate weight gain, and increased risk of bone fractures.