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BEIJING, Nov. 22 (Xinhuanet) -- Women aged 40 to 49 are not recommended for routine mammography screening for breast cancer, said the new guidelines issued by the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care in media reports Tuesday.The new guidelines are purposed to direct doctors on using mammography, MRI scans, clinical breast exams and breast self-exams. In principle, they pointed out, there is no need for women to take clinical breast exams and breast self examination if there are no signals for breast cancer.Below are the main points from the guidelines which need special attention from women with reasonable doubt on the matter:Women aged 40-49 who have lower risk for cancer should not take routine mammography because of the higher risk for overdiagnosis, overtreatment and false-positives;Women aged 50 to 69 years and aged 70 to 74 years should go for routine screening every two to three years;And there should be no routine clinical breast exams by doctors and no breast self-exams to screen for breast cancer.Dr. Marcello Tonelli, Chair of the Task Force and Associate Professor at the University of Alberta, remarked: "The main effect of screening is to produce patients with breast cancer from among healthy women who would have remained free of breast disease for the rest of their lives had they not undergone screening.""The best method we have to reduce the risk of breast cancer is to stop the screening program," he added, "This could reduce the risk by one-third in the screened age group, as the level of overdiagnosis in countries with organized screening programs is about 50 percent."

WASHINGTON, Jan. 16 (Xinhua) -- A new study examining weather patterns around the worldwide pandemics of influenza, which caused widespread death and illness in 1918, 1957, 1968 and 2009, finds that each of them was preceded by La Nina conditions in the equatorial Pacific. The study findings are published online Monday in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science.The study's authors -- Jeffrey Shaman of Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health and Marc Lipsitch of the Harvard School of Public Health -- note that the La Nina pattern is known to alter the migratory patterns of birds, which are thought to be a primary reservoir of human influenza. The scientists theorize that altered migration patterns promote the development of dangerous new strains of influenza.To examine the relationship between weather patterns and influenza pandemics, the researchers studied records of ocean temperatures in the equatorial Pacific in the fall and winter before the four most recent flu pandemics emerged. They found that all four pandemics were preceded by below-normal sea surface temperatures -- consistent with the La Nina phase of the El Nino- Southern Oscillation.The authors cite other research showing that the La Nina pattern alters the migration, stopover time, fitness and interspecies mixing of migratory birds. These conditions could favor the kind of gene swapping or genetic reassortment that creates novel and therefore potentially more variations of the influenza virus."We know that pandemics arise from dramatic changes in the influenza genome. Our hypothesis is that La Nina sets the stage for these changes by reshuffling the mixing patterns of migratory birds, which are a major reservoir for influenza," says Shaman.Changes in migration not only alter the pattern of contact among bird species, they could also change the ways that birds come into contact with domestic animals like pigs. Gene-swapping between avian and pig influenza viruses was a factor in the 2009 swine flu pandemic.

BEIJING, Oct. 2 (Xinhua) -- Chinese archeologists have found evidence indicating that the mysterious ancient city of Loulan (Kroraina) once had highly-developed agricultural systems.Scientists from the Institute of Geology and Geophysics under the Chinese Academy of Sciences conducted remote sensing procedures, field investigations and sample testing in the area and found that there were once large tracts of farmlands in Loulan.The farmland featured regular and straight circumferences stretching for 200 to 1,000 meters as well as irrigation ditches running throughout, said Qin Xiaoguang, a member of the research team.Moreover, researchers found grain particles in the area's ground surface, which are very likely to be remains of crop plants, Qin said.These findings show that irrigation farming had been practiced in Loulan for at least 100 years, Qin said.Qin said they also found canal remains measuring 10 to 20 meters wide and 1.6 meters deep in the Loulan relics, indicating that the city, which is suspected of perishing in drought, was once rich in water resources.The ancient city was a pivotal stop along the famous Silk Road, but mysteriously disappeared around the third century AD.Previous historical records suggested that Loulan's economy was sustained by widespread agricultural activity, but no remains or other evidence had been found before the most recent discoveries.

BEIJING, Dec. 26 (Xinhua) -- The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPC), China's top legislature, began here Monday to deliberate draft interpretations on two annexes of the Basic Law of the Macao concerning election issues.Li Fei, deputy director of the Commission of Legislative Affairs of the NPC Standing Committee, explained the draft interpretations to lawmakers.The Basic Law of the Macao Special Administrative Region (Macao SAR) was adopted in 1993 and went into effect on Dec. 20, 1999.Annex I to the Basic Law provides a method for selecting the SAR's chief executives while Annex II sets the method for the formation of its legislative assembly.Clause 7 of Annex I of the Basic Law says that if there is a need to amend the method for selecting the Chief Executives for 2009, and the terms subsequent to the year 2009, such amendments must be made with endorsement of a two-thirds majority of all the members of the Legislative Council and the consent of the Chief Executive, and they shall be reported to the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress for approval.Clause 3 of Annex II says that if there is a need to amend the method of forming the Legislative Assembly of the Macao Special Administrative Region in and after 2009, such amendments must be made with the endorsement of a two-thirds majority of all the members of the Assembly and the consent of the Chief Executive, and they shall be reported to the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress for the record.Li said that the phase "if there is a need to amend ..." should mean that they may or may not be amended.The decision-making on whether such necessity exists is reserved to the central authorities, or the NPC standing committee, said Li, adding that the Macao SAR government, rather than members of the Legislative Assembly, individually or jointly, should be the proper entity to propose any such amendments.Li also explained that if no amendment to the methods is adopted, the two Annexes should still apply.The full text of draft has not been made public yet, but the points raised by Li are identical to those in the committee's prior interpretations on Hong Kong SAR's Basic Law in 2004.During the deliberation, members of the committee noted that draft would help to safeguard Macao's long-term prosperity and stability.They also believed that it was "proper and necessary" to adopt the draft during this week's session as Macao's chief executive Fernando Chui Sai On had made the issue of modifying the method a "major work" in his policy address for the fiscal year 2012.Chui's statement recognized that "there is agreement that it is appropriate to properly modify the two methods in order to adapt to society's development and progress" and promised to "submit a proposal on whether to modify and - if so - how to modify the methods."Macao expects the formation of its fifth Legislative Assembly in 2013, and the selection of its fourth Chief Executive in 2014.

ATHENS, Nov. 11 (Xinhua) -- The third Forum on the Development of Tibet concluded here on Friday after discussions on efforts to promote the world's understanding of Tibet and enhance the cooperation between China and the rest of the world with regards to Tibet's development.This year marks the 60th anniversary of Tibet's peaceful liberation. During the two-day event, delegates from Greece, Britain, France, Germany, India and Nepal expressed their opinions on Tibet's modernization and put forward valuable advice and suggestions based on their own experience and research findings.Some of the foreign delegates have visited Tibet many times before. Narasimhan Ram, Editor-in-chief of The Hindu from India and Brendan O'Neill, editor of the British magazine Spiked spoke positively about the preferential polices and financial support of the Chinese central government and other parts of China for the region.During the Forum, Wang Chen, head of the Chinese State Council Information Office met with the Greek political leaders and journalists from mainstream media.People got an opportunity to learn more about China as Nyima Tsering, Vice Chairman of the Standing Committee of the People's Congress of the Tibet Autonomous Region, introduced the development of Tibet and the Chinese government's policy towards the region.A number of Greek mainstream media covered the Forum.Over the past 60 years, Tibet has achieved a huge development in both its social structure and socio-economic development, said a communique released upon the end of the forum.It also foresees a great potential of cooperation with the international community in energy, environment, education and healthcare development for the region.The forum has facilitated better understanding of Tibet in the international community and will help to promote faster and better development of the autonomous region, the Communique said.

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