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Last week we heard from Steven Jones and Starla Lewis, two leaders and teachers who helped us process this moment in our country and how we can take action. Dr. Jones and Professor Lewis will be back on Wednesday to answer your questions on racism in America in a special “Ask the Experts” session, driven solely by audience questions.Whether you don’t fully understand the dimensions of what is happening and don’t know what to say or do, or you want guidance on how to discuss your experience with friends and colleagues, this session is for you. All questions are welcome in this conversation. 604

Last year's seasonal flu vaccine effectiveness was just 42%, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimated. Even if vaccinated, then, people had inadequate protection against the flu.This limited effectiveness was due to a mutation that occurred in the influenza A (H3N2) vaccine strain, according to a new study published Monday in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. This vaccine mutation resulted from an egg-based manufacturing process commonly used today.This year's flu vaccine may also be imperfect, said Scott Hensley, author of the new study and an associate professor at the University of Pennsylvania. Add to that, he said, "this could end up being a pretty bad flu season."Still, he said, "our best protection" against severe illness is getting vaccinated with the flu shot we have today.Finding answersEach year before flu season begins, a vaccine is made based on whichever virus strains are expected to circulate. The selected seed strains are distributed to vaccine manufacturers which then produce their formulations and make them available to health care professionals before the season begins.During the 2015-16 season, vaccine effectiveness was 47%, while for the previous 2014-15 season, effectiveness was just 19%, according to the CDC. While the overall effectiveness of last season's vaccine was 42%, it was only 34% effective against the H3N2 viruses that dominated the season.Vaccine effectiveness varies based on how well it matches the circulating virus strains. Sometimes, a vaccine corresponds to the predominant virus yet its effectiveness is still not what scientists would expect. Trying to understand which element of the vaccine failed is difficult.Hensley and his team began their investigation of last year's vaccine by looking at the seed strains that had been distributed to vaccine manufacturers. These seed strains had been propagated in chicken eggs, the common method used today."The sequences of these viruses are available and when we did an alignment to see what the sequence of these vaccines were compared to the viruses that were circulating, it became very obvious that there was this mutation," said Hensley.To see the effects of the mutation, the team next looked at how the immune systems of both animals and humans who'd been inoculated with an egg-based flu vaccine responded to the actual circulating viruses.The antibodies -- immune system proteins that fight invading pathogens -- elicited in both animals and humans failed to bind to and neutralize the flu viruses, Hensley and his colleagues found.While most vaccines in the United States are made in chicken eggs, a small fraction are produced in insects or mammalian cells, Hensley explained. (These are given to people with egg allergies.) He and his team compared immune responses in animals and humans who had received a cell-based vaccine -- in this case, Flublok made by Protein Sciences Corporation."And we found both animals and humans receiving that (cell-based) vaccine had superior antibody responses that could bind and neutralize these circulating H3N2 strains," said Hensley.Making a better vaccine"Most of the infrastructure to produce vaccines in the US is based on chicken eggs," said Hensley. There are good reasons for this, including the fact that egg-based propagation allows manufacturers to quickly produce large quantities of vaccine.While egg adaptations have always been a problem, beginning last year it had become a "huge problem," said Hensley. "As soon as you try to grow this virus in eggs, within a few hours, the virus will acquire this kind of mutation."This is not an easy problem to fix, he said. To produce vaccines in cells means "a very expensive process for companies to just change their overall manufacturing process," Hensley explained. "You can't really do that on the drop of a dime."Meanwhile, the same seed strains used last year are being used this year to make the current vaccine, said Hensley."This year may be especially difficult because, in addition to this egg adaptive mutation which was present last year, there's indication that the H3N2 viruses are actually evolving," said Hensley.Not only will the vaccine be a mismatch with the actual circulating viruses due to egg adaptation but the vaccine could also be a mismatch due to unexpected viral evolution.What kind of flu season is ahead?It's too early to speculate which viruses will become dominant in the United States over the course of the coming flu season, said Hensley, "but it's starting to look like it will be H3 viruses." H3 viruses are influenza A viruses."There are the A group of viruses and the B groups," said Dr. William Schaffner, an infectious disease specialist at Vanderbilt University. "The A groups are the ones that usually are responsible for large epidemics ... whereas the B flu strains usually smolder along. They always cause illness -- it can be just as severe as the A strains -- but they don't produce large outbreaks."Though last year's vaccine was mostly ineffective in thwarting the flu, it still prevented nearly 30% of hospitalizations that might have resulted, according to CDC calculations. For older adults, that rate was even higher, at 37%. Plus, the vaccine reduced outpatient visits by 42% last season.The CDC advises everyone 6 months and older to get a flu shot, as only injectable flu vaccines are recommended. More than 130 million doses of flu vaccine have been distributed so far this year and flu activity is still low across the nation.It's still early days, but experts believe we may be facing a tough season, and not only because of vaccine concerns.The reason?Australia had a tough flu season this year, with a total of 215,280 laboratory-confirmed cases and 504 flu-associated deaths reported to its National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System as of October 13, government data show. According to a surveillance system report, adults over the age of 80 and children between 5 and 9 years old have been most affected."In general, we get in our season what the Southern Hemisphere got in the season immediately preceding us," Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the United States' National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, said in an interview last month.An "intelligent guess," therefore, is that the Northern Hemisphere, like the Southern Hemisphere, will likely battle more cases of the viral infection, he said, though "with influenza, it is never 100%.""If H3N2 viruses dominate the US flu season again this year, vaccine effectiveness will likely be moderate to low again," said Hensley.Still, he said, everyone should get their annual flu shot."The other components of the vaccine, like H1N1 and influenza B, will likely provide excellent protection," said Hensley. "The vaccine will also likely prevent severe disease and death caused by H3N2 viruses, even though this component of the vaccine is mismatched."  6969

LAKESIDE, Calif. (KGTV) -- An annual tradition is underway in Lakeside - where the Eastern San Diego County Junior Fair is in full swing.  156

Latinos make up a third of eligible voters going into the 2020 Presidential Election. A recent Pew Research study lists the Supreme Court as one of Latino voters’ top concerns.Christine Rodriguez, a Latina attorney set to be sworn into the Supreme Court Bar in January, says the concern comes from the lack representation. Rodriguez recalls dreaming of becoming an attorney as a 9-year-old girl but not having anyone to mentor her.“No one I knew was an attorney,” said Rodriguez.It wasn’t until her senior year of high school, during an educational trip to Washington, D.C., that she found her inspiration.“I was like, ‘Oh yeah! This is it! This is what I want to do,’” said Rodriguez of the moment she was able to observe Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg and the rest of the Supreme Court Justices as they heard a case.Rodriguez even kept the notes she took while observing. Near Justice Antonin Scalia’s name, she wrote a note describing him as talkative and funny. Next to Ginsburg’s name, Rodriguez wrote, “smart and serious.”Twenty years after this experience, Rodriguez is months away from getting sworn into the Supreme Court Bar, allowing her to argue cases before the Supreme Court. During that ceremony, she was set to meet Ginsburg.“I wanted to thank her for her tireless work as an attorney and as a woman and pioneer in this field,” said Rodriguez.As a Latina, Rodriguez says she has some concerns over some key decisions the Supreme Court will make in the coming term and who will be a part of the decision making process. One example she points to is health care.“Health care through the Affordable Care Act is an issue that will be up before the Supreme Court,” said Rodriguez.Opponents of Obamacare hope the court decides to suspend the program. President Trump has said he will replace Obamacare.While Rodriguez is concern with some specific issues the Supreme Court will hear, other voters say we need to start with a diverse Supreme Court. The Latino vote has never been as powerful as it is now. According to a Pew Research study, there are 32 million eligible Latino voters.Mari Carmen Puente Castallano is one of them.“I don’t care what side you vote, but vote. Make it known we are here,” Castallano said regarding voter turnout.Rodriguez says the Latino community has been ignored by politicians for too long, but now that the number of voters is significant enough, the community needs to double down and show up at the ballot box.“The more we vote the more politicians have to listen,” Rodriguez said. 2545

Law enforcement officials from New York to Florida are examining clues to find the person or persons who sent 10 packages containing what appear to be explosive materials to prominent Democrats, critics of President Donald Trump, and to CNN's New York offices as authorities classify the incidents as domestic terrorism.Three new packages were detected Thursday -- two intended for former Vice President Joe Biden and one for actor-director Robert DeNiro -- each bearing the same markings as the seven packages detected earlier this week. And authorities now believe several of the packages went through the Opa-locka, Florida, processing and distribution center, according to two law enforcement officials familiar with the investigation.The devices mark one of the most serious attempts to stoke fear and terror in the US in a period that has already seen a number of violent political attacks. The apparent bombs, while rudimentary in design, according to law enforcement officials, targeted two former US presidents, a former vice president and potential presidential contender, and numerous outspoken critics of the Trump administration.Investigators are reviewing security footage from the CNN building and examining the packages themselves for potential clues, according to current and former law enforcement officials."Everything is a clue," a law enforcement official said.As authorities examine clues, they are also finding more questions to answer.One key question authorities are puzzling over is why none of the apparent bombs detonated, a second law enforcement source said, raising questions about the skill and motive of the bombmaker.This person said either the bombmaker was good enough to ensure none would go off and never intended them to explode or it was poorly constructed. Authorities consider the bombs to be potentially destructive because of the presence of what is believed to be pyrotechnic powder. Though it appears they were handled through the postal system -- and thus jostled and moved -- without triggering any explosion.William Sweeney, FBI special agent in charge of the New York field office, said Thursday afternoon that the powder discovered with the package sent to CNN did not pose a biological threat but another official said it was undergoing testing.The FBI's counterterrorism team is leading the investigation and has classified it as a domestic terror matter, the law enforcement official said. That classification is based on the absence of other information and could change.The Secret Service, US Postal Inspector Service, and ATF are also working on the investigation with various state and federal offices. Officials said it is possible additional packages could have been mailed to other locations and not yet discovered.NYPD and FBI officials stressed Thursday that the investigation was still in its early stages and they continued to seek tips from the public. 2926