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WASHINGTON, Nov. 7 (Xinhua) -- U.S. researchers have demonstrated for the first time that the brain is a key player in regulating glucose (sugar) metabolism in humans.The findings, published Monday in the online edition of the Journal of Clinical Investigation, suggest that drugs targeting the brain and central nervous system could be a novel approach to treating diabetes."The brain is the body's only organ that needs a constant supply of glucose to survive, so it makes sense that it would have some say over how much glucose is produced," said study leader Meredith Hawkins, professor of medicine and director of the Global Diabetes Initiative at Yeshiva University, in a statement. "This role for the brain was demonstrated in earlier studies in rodents, but there was considerable controversy over whether the results could be applied to humans. We hope this study helps to settle the matter."In an earlier study in rodents, researchers showed that activation of potassium channels in the brain's hypothalamus sends signals to the liver that dampen its production of glucose. Those findings, published in Nature in 2005, challenged the conventional thinking that blood sugar production by the liver (the body's glucose factory) is regulated only by the pancreas (which makes insulin to metabolize glucose). But carefully performed studies on dogs, conducted at Vanderbilt University, failed to replicate the results, suggesting the Einstein findings in rodents might not be relevant to higher mammals, including humans.The current study, involving people, was aimed at resolving this controversy. Ten nondiabetic subjects were given oral diazoxide, a drug that activates potassium channels in the hypothalamus. (The drug is not used to treat diabetes.) Hormone secretion by the pancreas was controlled to ensure that any change in sugar production would only have occurred through the drug's effect on the brain. After the researchers administered the drug, blood tests revealed that patients' livers were producing significantly less glucose than before.Hawkins and her team then repeated this in rats, again giving diazoxide orally, achieving similar results. They confirmed that sufficient amounts of diazoxide crossed the blood-brain barrier to affect potassium channels in the hypothalamus. Additional experiments confirmed that diazoxide was working through the brain. Specifically, the researchers were able to completely block the effects of diazoxide by infusing a specific potassium channel blocker directly into the brain."This study confirms that the brain plays a significant role in regulating glucose production by the liver," said lead author Preeti Kishore, assistant professor of medicine. "We are now investigating whether this 'brain-to-liver' pathway is impaired in people with diabetes. If so, we may be able to restore normal glucose regulation by targeting potassium channels in the brain."

COPENHAGEN, Nov.23 (Xinhua) -- Denmark's new tax on fatty foods is having little impact on consumer habits, an opinion poll showed Wednesday.Only seven percent of those polled said they had changed their shopping habits since the tax was imposed Oct.1, said FDB Analyse, which conducted the poll for Danish news agency Ritzau.The world's first fat tax affects products containing more than 2.3 percent saturated fat, meaning a kilo of saturated fat costs 16 Danish kroner (2.87 U.S. dollars).As a result, butter, cream, cheese, meat, cooking oil and processed foods like pizza and biscuits are among thousands of products that have become dearer in recent weeks.However, two out of three respondents to the poll said price rises are too low to make them alter their dietary habits, an opinion shared by some in the food retail sector."Price rises per product vary from a few oere to 2 kroner (0.36 U.S. dollar)," said Mogens Werge, Director of Consumer Policy at Coop, a supermarket chain which accounts for 40 percent trade in basic daily goods in Denmark."No Danes will change their dietary habits just because the cost of a packet of cookies rises by 35 oere," he told DR News, Denmark's public broadcaster.The Danish Agriculture and Food Council, an industry association, says the fat tax costs a Danish family with two children an additional 1,000 kroner (180 dollars), per year.Reacting to the poll, the Social Democratic Party (SDP), which leads Denmark's coalition center-left government, said the fat tax must be given more time to take effect."There are several parameters to measure the tax, one of which is purely economic, where you have to consider a longer time period," SDP consumer affairs spokesperson Mette Reissmann, told DR News."Also, I never thought we would suddenly become a nation that rejects fatty foods. It takes a long time to change consumer behavior," she added.The government's Commission on Prevention, tasked with finding ways to improve the nation's health, also said it is too early to evaluate the fat tax's impact. It believes the tax discourages purchase of unhealthy foods, and will help raise average Danish life expectancy by one week.For their part, two-thirds of poll respondents suggested the government would do better by removing value added tax (VAT) on healthy foods like fresh fruit and vegetables, and instead raise it on food products containing fat and sugar.Denmark already imposes 25 percent VAT on most consumer goods and food products.

BEIJING, Dec. 4 (Xinhua) -- Acclaimed orthopaedic surgeons and experts attending a major conference in Beijing have agreed to build up a platform for international cooperation aiming at jointly coping with medical and social challenges.At the Sixth International Congress of the Chinese Orthopaedic Association (COA) that concluded on Sunday, presidents of more than 80 national and international orthopaedic societies signed a declaration which seeks a model for both developing and developed countries to help reduce medical costs in the aftermath of the global financial crisis.With an aging global population, rapidly rising medical costs have become a heavy financial burden for governments worldwide. Medical insurance cost control has become a hot topic around the world.Bone and joint diseases, infections due to traffic accident traumas and other diseases causing high disability rates have affected millions of people worldwide."One of the objectives of the COA international conference is to provide a platform for medical experts around the world to discuss not only clinical techniques but also medical and social problems," said Professor Wang Yan, chairman of the COA.To fully leverage existing professional knowledge and resources, presidents of orthopaedic organizations attending the conference adopted and released the Beijing Declaration which calls for a platform to enhance global and national collaboration and partnerships among the professions, industries and related patient organizations and disciplines.The declaration also stresses maximizing Internet-based learning and encouraging international exchanges."Worldwide, I have one lament, that we've spent so much money on medical research, but very little on orthopaedics. Most governments are more anxious to fund cancer or infectious diseases," said Professor Michael Huggness, president of the North American Spine Society."We think we're a bit handicapped by not having the money to pursue the research. As we get more sophisticated in our treatment, the price does go up. My expectation is that in another five to 10 years, we'll begin to apply some molecular techniques to assist us in healing. Maybe the price will come down when our knowledge base increases. But I think we'll just have to wait for a bit more research and a bit more basic science.""We definitely will... look into this issue of how we can have a suitably assigned budget from the government for orthopaedic care," said Professor K.M. Chan, from the Prince of Wales Hospital in Hong Kong."At the same time, we use evidence-based medicine to contain the medical cost in orthopaedics with very stringent monitors from the professions. That involves good-practice models, quality insurance and patient safety. With all these, we expect that the profession will be heading forward to join hands with the government to contain the cost."More than 15,000 surgeons, researchers and business representatives from China and abroad are attending the four-day annual conference to share the latest theories and techniques for curing musculoskeletal diseases as well as related social topics.Founded in 1980, the COA now has more than 30,000 registered members and is the largest sub-society of doctors under the Chinese Medical Association. The conference is the largest medical academic event in China.

BEIJING, Jan. 4 (Xinhua) -- Senior Chinese leader Li Changchun on Wednesday called for more efforts to strengthen the Internet construction and management and promote a healthy online culture.Li, a member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China Central Committee, made the remarks at a national conference of publicity officials.Li also urged the officials to work and fortify the leading status of Marxism in the country's ideological field, and to provide spiritual support for the economic and social development.Li Changchun (C), a member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China Central Committee, addresses a national conference of publicity officials in Beijing, capital of China, Jan. 4, 2012.The publicity work should help create a favorable environment for the country's efforts to stabilize economic growth, regulate commodity prices, adjust the economic structure, improve people's livelihood, carry forward reform and promote social harmony, Li said.Moreover, Li called for efforts to deepen the reform and promote development in the country's cultural sector.

BEIJING, Jan. 1 (Xinhua) -- Chinese President Hu Jintao and his South Korean counterpart Lee Myung-bak exchanged new year greetings Sunday and announced the start of the "China-South Korea Friendly Exchange Year".In his message, Hu spoke positively of the relations between the two countries. Seizing the opportunity of the 20th anniversary of the establishment of the China-South Korea diplomatic relations, China is willing to work together with South Korea, by launching various exchange programs, to further promote mutual understanding and friendship between the two peoples, deepen communication and cooperation in all sectors, and push for constant progress of the bilateral relationship, Hu said.For his part, Lee said on the basis of the accomplishments achieved over the two decades of the bilateral diplomatic ties, South Korea looks forward to joining hands with China to build a better future for the bilateral relationship.

来源：资阳报