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Scientists are proposing an ingenious but as-yet-unproven way to tackle climate change: spraying sun-dimming chemicals into the Earth's atmosphere.The research by scientists at Harvard and Yale universities, published in the journal Environmental Research Letters, proposes using a technique known as stratospheric aerosol injection, which they say could cut the rate of global warming in half.The technique would involve spraying large amounts of sulfate particles into the Earth's lower stratosphere at altitudes as high as 12 miles. The scientists propose delivering the sulfates with specially designed high-altitude aircraft, balloons or large naval-style guns.Despite the technology being undeveloped and with no existing aircraft suitable for adaptation, the researchers say that "developing a new, purpose-built tanker with substantial payload capabilities would neither be technologically difficult nor prohibitively expensive."They estimate the total cost of launching a hypothetical system in 15 years' time at around .5 billion, with running costs of .25 billion a year over a 15-year period.The report does, however, acknowledge that the technique is purely hypothetical."We make no judgment about the desirability of SAI," the report states. "We simply show that a hypothetical deployment program commencing 15 years hence, while both highly uncertain and ambitious, would indeed be technically possible from an engineering perspective. It would also be remarkably inexpensive."The researchers also acknowledge potential risks: coordination between multiple countries in both hemispheres would be required, and stratospheric aerosol injection techniques could jeopardize crop yields, lead to droughts or cause extreme weather.The proposals also don't address the issue of rising greenhouse gas emissions, which are a leading cause of global warming.And despite the conviction of the report's authors, other experts were skeptical."From the point of view of climate economics, solar radiation management is still a much worse solution than greenhouse gas emissions: more costly and much more risky over the long run," said Philippe Thalmann of the école Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, an expert in the economics of climate change.David Archer of the Department of Geophysical Science at the University of Chicago said, "The problem with engineering climate in this way is that it's only a temporary Band-Aid covering a problem that will persist essentially forever, actually hundreds of thousands of years for fossil fuel CO2 to finally go away naturally."It will be tempting to continue to procrastinate on cleaning up our energy system, but we'd be leaving the planet on a form of life-support. If a future generation failed to pay their climate bill they would get all of our warming all at once." 2830

SAN MARCOS, Calif. (KGTV) — For more than 20 years, Casey Rummerfield has been the toast of Halloween in his San Marcos neighborhood.Hours spent throughout the year on handmade electronic displays, decorations, and more turn his Shadow Hills Drive home into a memorable tradition for his neighbors, family, and friends."It's more hours than it is money. The cannon prop is home built," Rummerfield says, pointing to various props, barrels, and displays he has built by hand. "I would say about a thousand [hours] a year is what we put into it."RELATED: Clairemont electrician lights up neighborhood with Halloween displayRummerfield's love for Halloween began as a child, though his talent for delivering some spooky fun started when he moved in on Halloween Day in 1993.Since moving in, what started as a need to actually dress up the house for Halloween has blossomed into providing an annual celebration for the neighborhood.Rummerfield's family and friends have been integral in setting up and keeping the tradition alive. And while his children have grown up and moved out, he says they've taken a lot with them.RELATED: Map: San Diego neighborhoods you'll want to check out on Halloween"My youngest has vowed that when it's my time to retire, she's going to take over," Rummerfield says with a smile. "They've texted me more this month than they have all offseason."Rummerfield says one child is currently at Facebook while the other is studying costume and set design and as a special effects make-up artist — perhaps predictably."[She] got an A on her horror class. Brought me to tears," Rummerfield said gleaming.That enthusiasm for Halloween has carried over to the neighborhood year-after-year, seen in Rummerfield's efforts.RELATED: Halloween family fun, haunted houses, and parties in San Diego"You have to see it to believe it. On Halloween Day, their enthusiasm, their drive, their willingness to come back for the umpteenth year," Rummerfield says. "We've not only had the kids come back, but they've grown up and brought their kids."Which is a little difficult, because it does make us feel old," he added. 2201

SELMA, Ala. (AP) — Bruce Carver Boynton, a civil rights pioneer who inspired the “Freedom Rides," has died at the age of 83.Former Alabama state Sen. Hank Sanders confirmed Boynton's passing Tuesday.Boynton was arrested 60 years ago for entering the white part of a racially segregated bus station in Virginia.That action began a chain reaction of events that ultimately helped to bring about the abolition of Jim Crow laws in the South.Boynton contested his conviction, and his appeal resulted in a Supreme Court decision that prohibited bus station segregation and helped inspire the landmark “Freedom Rides” of 1961. 627

SAN MARCOS, Calif. (KGTV) — Palomar College announced Friday that the school's police academy will no longer train cadets on how to perform a carotid restraint hold.The restraint will not be taught or used in the academy setting, according to Palomar's Director of Public Safety Programs Michael Andrews.“Effective last week, the tactic is no longer being employed or used in the academy setting, period,” Andrews said. “We won’t even use it as an example. It will just simply be erased from training.”RELATED: San Diego County law enforcement agencies that have stopped using carotid restraintPalomar's decision comes after several agencies through San Diego County ended the use of the restraint technique amid demonstrations against police violence.On June 18, the California Commission on Peace Officer Standards and Training approved changes to its "Arrest and Control" learning unit to remove the training and use of the hold.Andrews adds that the school is in the process of changing its academy curriculum to align with the learning unit's changes.“Palomar took a stance, and we were successful,” Andrews said. “There are many other policing tactics which, when employed properly, can be productive. There is no need for this particular tactic.”He added that originally the restraint was to be a last resort tactic, but has gradually become a common move during arrests.Palomar Community College District Interim Superintendent and President Dr. Jack Kahn applauded the move, saying, "Palomar College is committed to training professionals, including police officers, who will serve and build up the community. We applaud the Commission, and our Police Academy leaders, for taking meaningful action on this issue." 1730

SAN MARCOS, Calif. (KGTV) — The City of San Marcos is taking action after 10News highlighted concerns by residents in a senior community who said their homes were at greater risk of a wildfire because of untrimmed brush near a creekbed.The city has cleared brush every year along Discovery Road near Lakeview Mobile Estates, but with an upcoming road-widening project scheduled for the area, the city initially told residents it would delay brush trimming along the San Marcos Creek until crews begin grading work, according to HOA Vice President Jim Woodard.That work is scheduled to begin in December."To save a few dollars and put us in this kind of risk, we're completely vulnerable," he said. "It's just a ticking timebomb."The brush, which is now taller than six feet in some spots, is just a few feet from the mobile home community's entrance."This is the only way in and out of the park, so if there's a fire on this side of the park, we're trapped," Woodard said.Resident Lee Katola said many of her neighbors are disabled and would have difficulty evacuating during a fire."I'm fearful. I'm fearful," she said.Woodard added, "It's perfect fuel for a fire. One spark coming over from that grass hits that fence, and we're toast."San Marcos Communications Manager Robin Rockey said the city was aware of the concerns."The City of San Marcos Fire Department spoke with residents at Lakeview Mobile Estates and is working to address their concerns and clear brush along Discovery Street," said Rockey. "The fire department is working on setting a time for the next clearing."Late Thursday, Rockey said the city would clear the brush by Wednesday of next week.The 214-acre San Marcos Creek Project will include two new bridges, a park, and will widen Discovery Road to four lanes. The project is scheduled to be completed in 2022 1842