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MOSCOW, Aug. 30 (Xinhua) -- Russia's space agency said Tuesday that a Proton-M rocket launch failed earlier this month because of a malfunction in the upper stage.The conclusion was reached by an independent investigation commission following a series of checks, Roscosmos said in a report that was posted on its website."The commission reported that the time span reserved for the gyrostabilized platform's turn was miscalculated and narrowed, which caused the Briz-M upper stage's disorientation and the satellite's journey to a wrong orbit," the agency said.Other systems in the upper stage performed well, the agency said, adding it has lifted a ban on launches of the Proton-M carrier rockets equipped with the Briz-M upper stage.Local media reported the Briz-M, manufactured by the Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center, has had five failures over its 12-year history of operation.On Aug. 18, a Proton-M carrier rocket failed to deliver a communications satellite into orbit. After the failure, Russia suspended launches of Proton-M rockets pending the outcome of an investigation into the failure.

BEIJING, Sept. 25 (Xinhua) -- As China's economy has soared to the second place in the world, the country's scientific strength has also surged -- if only measured by the numbers.Chinese researchers published more than 1.2 million papers from 2006 to 2010 -- second only to the United States but well ahead of Britain, Germany and Japan, according to data recently published by Elsevier, a leading international scientific publisher and data provider. This figure represents a 14 percent increase over the period from 2005 to 2009.The number of published academic papers in science and technology is often seen as a gauge of national scientific prowess.But these impressive numbers mask an uncomfortable fact: most of these papers are of low quality or have little impact. Citation per article (CPA) measures the quality and impact of papers. China's CPA is 1.47, the lowest figure among the top 20 publishing countries, according to Elsevier's Scopus citation database.China's CPA dropped from 1.72 for the period from 2005 to 2009, and is now below emerging countries such as India and Brazil. Among papers lead-authored by Chinese researchers, most citations were by domestic peers and, in many cases, were self-citations."While quantity is an important indicator because it gives a sense of scientific capacity and the overall level of scientific activity in any particular field, citations are the primary indicator of overall scientific impact," said Daniel Calto, Director of SciVal Solutions at Elsevier North America.Calto attributed China's low CPA to a "dilution effect.""When the rise in the number of publications is so rapid, as it has been in China -- increasing quantity does not necessarily imply an overall increase in quality," said Calto.He noted the same pattern in a variety of rapidly emerging research countries such as India, Brazil, and earlier in places like the Republic of Korea."Chinese researchers are too obsessed with SCI (Science Citation Index), churning out too many articles of low quality," said Mu Rongping, Director-General of the Institute of Policy and Management at the Chinese Academy of Sciences, China's major think tank.SCI is one of the databases used by Chinese researchers to look-up their citation performance. The alternative, Scopus, provides a wider coverage worldwide."Chinese researchers from a wide range of areas and institutions are vying for publication, as it is a key criterion for academic appraisal in China, if not the only one. As a result, the growth of quality pales in comparison to that of quantity," said Mu, an expert on China's national science policy and competitiveness.On the other hand, China also falls behind the United States in multidisciplinary research, which is a core engine for scientific advance and research excellence.From 2006 to 2010, China published 1,229,706 papers while the United States churned out 2,082,733. According to a new metric introduced by Elsevier's Spotlight research assessment solution, China generated 885 competencies while the United States had 1,817.In other words, China's total research output is more than half that of the United States, while the number of competencies showing China's strength in multidisciplinary research is less than half that of the United States.Cong Cao, an expert on China's science and technology, put it more bluntly in an article he wrote: "When the paper bubble bursts, which will happen sooner or later, one may find that the real situation of scientific research in China probably is not that rosy."China has been investing heavily in scientific research and technological development in recent years to strengthen its innovative capacity, The proportion of GDP spent on R&D grew from 0.9 percent in 2000 to 1.4 percent in 2007, according to the World Bank.An IMF forecast in 2010 says China now ranks second globally in R&D spending. The IMF calculates China's R&D expenditure at 150 billion U.S. dollars when based on Purchasing Power Parity, a widely used economic concept that attempts to equalize differences in standard of living among countries.By this measure, China surpassed Japan in R&D spending in 2010.Many see China's huge investment in R&D as the momentum behind the country's explosive increase in research papers."Getting published is, in some ways, an improvement over being unable to get published," Mu said. "But the problem is, if the papers continue to be of low quality for a long time, it will be a waste of resources."In China, academic papers play a central role in the academic appraisal system, which is closely related to degrees and job promotions.While acknowledging the importance of academic papers in research, Mu believes a more balanced appraisal system should be adopted. "This is a problem with science management. If we put too much focus on the quantity of research papers, we leave the job of appraisal to journal editors."In China, the avid pursuit of publishing sometimes gives rise to scientific fraud. In the most high-profile case in recent years, two lecturers from central China's Jinggangshan University were sacked in 2010 after a journal that published their work admitted 70 papers they wrote over two years had been falsified."This is one of the worst cases. These unethical people not only deceived people to further their academic reputations, they also led academic research on the wrong path, which is a waste of resources," Mu said.A study done by researchers at Wuhan University in 2010 says more than 100 million U.S. dollars changes hands in China every year for ghost-written academic papers. The market in buying and selling scientific papers has grown five-fold in the past three years.The study says Chinese academics and students often buy and sell scientific papers to swell publication lists and many of the purported authors never write the papers they sign. Some master's or doctoral students are making a living by churning out papers for others. Others mass-produce scientific papers in order to get monetary rewards from their institutions.A 2009 survey by the China Association for Science and Technology (CAST) of 30,078 people doing science-related work shows that nearly one-third of respondents attributed fraud to the current system that evaluates researchers' academic performance largely on the basis of how many papers they write and publish.Despite rampant fraud, China will continue to inject huge money into science. According to the latest national science guideline, which was issued in 2006 by the State Council, the investment in R&D will account for 2.5 percent of GDP in 2020."If China achieves its stated goal of investing 2.5 percent of its GDP in R&D in 2020, and sustains its very fast economic growth over the next decade, it would quite likely pass the U.S. in terms of total R&D investment sometime in the late 2010s," said Calto, adding that it is also quite likely that at some point China will churn out more papers than the United States.According to Calto, China does mostly applied research, which helps drive manufacturing and economic growth, while basic research only accounts for 6 percent, compared with about 35 percent in Germany, Britain, and the United States, and 16 percent in Japan."In the long term, in order to really achieve dominance in any scientific area, I think it will be necessary to put significant financial resources into fundamental basic research -- these are the theoretical areas that can drive the highest level of innovation," Calto said.

SAN FRANCISCO, July 7 (Xinhua) -- Apple announced Thursday that over 15 billion applications have been downloaded from its App Store by more than 200 million Apple mobile devices users worldwide."Thank you to all of our amazing developers who have filled it with over 425,000 of the coolest apps and to our over 200 million iOS users for surpassing 15 billion downloads," said Phillip Schiller, Apple's senior vice president of worldwide product marketing, in a statement.Launched on July 10, 2008, Apple's digital application distribution platform has been growing at a fast speed. It took nine months to hit one billion downloads and five billion in June 2010. In January, Apple gave a 10,000-U.S. dollar App Store gift card to a user who downloaded the 10 billionth application.In Thursday's statement, the Cupertino, California-based company said it had paid developers 2.5 billion dollars to date.Apple's mobile market place is far ahead of Google's Android Market. At its annual I/O conference in May, Google said there had been 4.5 billion app installs so far. But Google said the growth of its mobile operating system and applications is accelerating with its store hitting another billion downloads every 60 days.Currently, Apple is in a legal battle against Amazon over the use of "Appstore," which the online retailer launched in March to sell mobile applications to Google's Android platform users.On Wednesday, a federal judge denied Apple's request to immediately stop Amazon from using the term "Appstore."Meanwhile, Amazon, Microsoft, HTC, Nokia and Sony Ericsson have filed complaints against Apple in Europe, seeking to get Apple's trademarks for "App Store" and "Appstore" invalidated.

BEIJING, Sep. 1 (Xinhuanet) -- Apple lost another iPhone prototype at a Bay Area bar, according to media reports Thursday.It is reported that an Apple employee lost a prototype iPhone at San Francisco bar Cava 22 in late July, which is a tequila bar in the mission district.A joint investigation by Apple and San Francisco police searched a local house but could not find it, the reports added.It seems that Apple employees learned nothing from last year’s lost iPhone scandal. A prototype iPhone 4 was lost in a Redwood City bar last year.Apple has denied any knowledge of the incident, and San Francisco police stated that Apple did not file a police report for the lost merchandise.If the reports are true, it would be a big blow to Apple’s ego since the company takes pride in its secretive nature.

BEIJING, Sept. 2 (Xinhuanet) -- Firefighters who worked in the wreckage of the World Trade Center in 2001 were 19 percent more likely to develop cancer than those who were not there, according to a study.The study, published Thursday in the British medical journal The Lancet, surveyed cancer occurrence in nearly 10,000 male firefighters in the seven years after Sept. 11, 2001. (There were too few women to create a meaningful sample size.)The 9/11 attacks occurred on Tuesday, Sept. 11, 2001. As a result, the World Trade Center collapsed, and nearly 3,000 Americans killed. Among the 2,753 victims killed in the World Trade Center were 343 firefighters.There were 263 cancer cases in the exposed population, showing a cancer rate 19 percent higher than that of the group not exposed.The study indicated that cancers like melanoma, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, thyroid and prostate cancer occurred more frequently among exposed firefighters than in the general population. But occurrences of lung cancer did not increase.The findings “provide information that there may be a significant cancer risk for these people”, said Dr. James Melius, the administrator of the New York State Laborers’ Health and Safety Trust Fund and one of the peer reviewers of the study.But the results were far from conclusive. “This is not an epidemic,” said Dr. David J. Prezant, a lead researcher and the chief medical officer for the New York Fire Department.

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