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BEIJING, Aug. 11 (Xinhuanet) -- Next year will bring a doubling in the size of the words that appear on cigarette packages to warn consumers of the dangers of smoking. Starting in April 2012, cigarettes produced and sold in China will bear a new warning label containing letters that will be no less than 4 millimeters in height. That will be twice the size of the current minimum, which stipulates that the letters be at least 2 mm from bottom to top, according to a notice written by the China National Tobacco Corp and published on the State Tobacco Monopoly Administration's website. Despite the intentions, many tobacco-control experts said the step is "minor" and that it fails to deal with the chief issue. "There is no use in making the font size even 100 times bigger if the warning is pointless," said Wu Yiqun, deputy director of the ThinkTank Research Center for Health Development, a Beijing-based non-governmental organization that advocates for the adoption of stronger smoking-control measures. Both Wu and Yang Gonghuan, director of the tobacco control office of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, said the warning that now appears on cigarette packs is too weak. It says: "Smoking is harmful to your health. Quitting early is good for your health." "The package should inform consumers of the dangers of smoking in accordance with requirements adopted by the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. (It should say that) smoking causes lung cancer, coronary disease and makes people grow old," Yang said. China decided in 2005 to ratify the convention, which also requires that tobacco warnings cover a third of the surface of cigarette packs. "Even if the size of the words is doubled, it still doesn't meet those standards," Yang said. "The Chinese practice is to draw a line to demarcate a third of a cigarette package, where the warning should be, but the words put on it are still very small." Experts said graphic health warnings could be printed on cigarette packs and used as a "scientific, direct and shocking" deterrent to smoking.Throughout the world, more than 1 billion people in 19 countries live under laws that require the packaging of various types of tobacco products to bear large, graphic health warnings. They often show pictures of black lungs and festering mouth sores, according to the World Health Organization. China, though, is excluded from those rules. Both Wu and Yang said the fundamental barrier to better control of tobacco use in the country is the fact that the China National Tobacco Corp, the country's largest cigarette-maker, is a subsidiary of the State Tobacco Monopoly Administration, China's tobacco regulatory body.

WASHINGTON, Aug. 4 (Xinhua) -- Researchers have found a way to turn mouse embryonic stem cells into sperm and this finding opens up new avenues for infertility research and treatment, according to a study published Thursday in the online edition of journal Cell,A Kyoto University team coaxed mouse embryonic stem cells into sperm precursors, called primordial germ cells (PGCs), and shown that these cells can give rise to healthy sperm. The researchers say that such in vitro reconstitution of germ cell development represents one of the most fundamental challenges in biology.When transplanted into mice that were unable to produce sperm normally, the stem cell derived PGCs produced normal-looking sperm, which were then used to successfully fertilize eggs. These fertilized eggs, when transplanted into a recipient mother, produced healthy offspring that grew into fertile male and female adult mice. The same procedure could produce fertile offspring from induced pluripotent stem cells that are often derived from adult skin cells."Continued investigations aimed at in vitro reconstitution of germ cell development, including the induction of female primordial germ cell-like cells and their descendants, will be crucial for a more comprehensive understanding of germ cell biology in general, as well as for the advancement of reproductive technology and medicine," the researchers wrote.

LOS ANGELES, June 23 (Xinhua) -- The sun and its inner planets may have formed differently than previously thought, NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) said on Thursday.Data revealed differences between the sun and planets in oxygen and nitrogen, which are two of the most abundant elements in our solar system, said JPL in Pasadena, Los Angeles.Although the difference is slight, the implications could help determine how our solar system evolved, JPL said.NASA researchers drew the conclusion after analyzing samples returned by NASA's 2004 Genesis mission, according to JPL.The air on Earth contains three different kinds of oxygen atoms which are differentiated by the number of neutrons they contain. Nearly 100 percent of oxygen atoms in the solar system are composed of O-16, but there are also tiny amounts of more exotic oxygen isotopes called O-17 and O-18. Researchers studying the oxygen of Genesis samples found that the percentage of O-16 in the sun is slightly higher than on Earth or on other terrestrial planets. The other isotopes' percentages were slightly lower."We found that Earth, the moon, as well as Martian and other meteorites which are samples of asteroids, have a lower concentration of the O-16 than does the sun," said Kevin McKeegan, a Genesis co-investigator from University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) and the lead author of one of two papers published this week in Science journal. "The implication is that we did not form out of the same solar nebula materials that created the sun -- just how and why remains to be discovered." Another paper detailed differences between the sun and planets in the element nitrogen. Like oxygen, nitrogen has one isotope, N- 14, that makes up nearly 100 percent of the atoms in the solar system, but there is also a tiny amount of N-15. Researchers studying the same samples saw that when compared to Earth's atmosphere, nitrogen in the sun and Jupiter has slightly more N-14, but 40 percent less N-15. Both the sun and Jupiter appear to have the same nitrogen composition. As is the case for oxygen, Earth and the rest of the inner solar system are very different in nitrogen."These findings show that all solar system objects including the terrestrial planets, meteorites and comets are anomalous compared to the initial composition of the nebula from which the solar system formed," said Bernard Marty, a Genesis co- investigator from Petrographic and Geochemical Research Center in Fracne and the lead author of the other new Science paper. " Understanding the cause of such a heterogeneity will impact our view on the formation of the solar system."Data were obtained from analysis of samples Genesis collected from the solar wind, or material ejected from the outer portion of the sun. This material can be thought of as a fossil of our nebula because the preponderance of scientific evidence suggests that the outer layer of our sun has not changed measurably for billions of years."The sun houses more than 99 percent of the material currently in our solar system, so it's a good idea to get to know it better, " said Genesis Principal Investigator Don Burnett of the California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California. "While it was more challenging than expected, we have answered some important questions, and like all successful missions, generated plenty more."Genesis was launched in August 2000. The spacecraft traveled to Earth's L1 Lagrange Point about one million miles from Earth, where it remained for 886 days between 2001 and 2004, passively collecting solar-wind samples.JPL managed the Genesis mission for NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Washington. The Genesis mission was part of the Discovery Program managed at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alasca.

UNITED NATIONS, June 9 (Xinhua) -- The message delivered by scores of speakers on the second day of the three-day UN High Level Meeting on AIDS on Thursday, marking 30 years of the pandemic, was that most of their countries were making progress but increased efforts had to be made with greater cooperation needed among nations.In the case of developing states, gratitude was expressed for past help but more aid was needed to continue the battle.Despite the similarities in content, the chair, UN General Assembly President Joseph Deiss, repeatedly appealed to speakers to limit their speeches to their allotted five minutes, warning at the halfway point that if everyone was taking an extra few minutes, a fourth day would have to be added to the agenda.One of the briefest addresses, well under time, was delivered by Yin Li, China's vice health minister, which he referred to as " a responsible developing country."Briefly listing some of the steps taken, the Chinese vice minister focused on achieving the UNAIDS goal of the three Zs -- " Zero new HIV infections, zero discrimination and zero AIDS-related deaths.""We should unite to generate a joint force, irrespective of gender, skin color, nationality, beliefs, values and ideology. Developed countries should further provide developing countries with unselfish, unconditional financial and technical support," he said. "Developing countries should place AIDS control in a position as important as economic development and actively explore prevention and treatment mode consistent with national conditions. ""Second, given the increasing disease burden of AIDS," he said, "the private sector and relevant organizations should shoulder more social responsibility."On the one hand efforts should be made to mobilize more resources in AIDS to better implement prevention, treatment and care measures; on the other hand, multinational drug manufacturers should reduce by a large margin the price of drugs, testing equipment and reagents through technology transfer, contract manufacturing and reduction of monopoly profits in order to promote universal access to treatment services," Yin added.Since AIDS prevention and treatment in China is an important component in the global fight against AIDS, he said, "Progress made in China is a positive contribution globally."The High Level Meeting on AIDS is taking place 10 years after the UN Special Session on HIV/AIDS and five years since signing of the Political Declaration in which UN Member States committed to universal access to HIV prevention, treatment, care and support.Norway's minister of the environment and international development, Erik Solheim, said, "Prevention and treatment must be mutually reinforcing and better treatment regiments need to be made available."He called for development of innovative methods for prevention.While Solheim said "remarkable" results had been achieved in the last three decades, there still was a need for a " transformation of current working methods."AIDS must be taken out of isolation into an "integrated approach," noting that HIV response has to be connected with UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon's Global Strategy for Women's and Children's Health and "HIV and AIDS programs should be mainstreamed into national health systems, he said.Solheim said that the social, political and economic empowerment of women is crucial and he welcomed the establishment of the new UN agency UN Women."The burden of HIV in the world is reduced but major challenges remain," the minister said. "Our experience is that the approaches that work well on HIV, are those based on rights and on promoting the dignity of people."Celsius Waterberg, the health minister of Suriname, said the nation "is among the few countries in the Caribbean where the incidence of HIV infection has decreased by more than 25 percent."The strides forward are due to a national multi-sectoral HIV Council, setting up structures to provide leadership in quality of services and training in revised treatment protocols, he said.Suriname, the smallest sovereign state in South America, on the northeast coast of the continent, also introduced combined prevention tools and implemented pilot projects successful in mobilizing men for circumcision as an additional preventive measure, Waterberg said.Challenges that need to be overcome include harmful traditions and customs, misconceptions and adverse beliefs, language barriers in a multilingual society and vulnerability of small communities and individuals due to HIV-related stigma, gender inequalities and poverty, he said.Victor Makwenge Kaput, health minister of the Democratic Republic of Congo, said that although the government had made progress in supporting individuals living with HIV and protecting the uninfected, it continues to face many challenges. Indeed, HIV prevalence stood at 3.7 percent for pregnant women and 3 percent for the general population, he said.AIDS' victims increasingly are women and youth with infections particularly concentrated along the Congo River, the minister said. Today, 1.2 million citizens are infected. Total population in the third largest country in Africa, about the size of Western Europe, is 71 million.He said women account for roughly 71,000 new infections each year and the government is now paying particular attention to mother-to-child transmission.Kaput said his long war-torn nation is committed to the global vision of zero infections and appealed for support to curb the spread of HIV.

WASHINGTON, July 8 (Xinhua) -- U.S. space shuttle Atlantis lifted off on Friday morning from Kennedy Space Center in Florida, on the 135th and final flight in NASA's shuttle program.The shuttle blasted off at about 11:29 a.m. EDT (1529 GMT) on a tower of flame, NASA TV showed.Before taking flight, shuttle Commander Christopher Ferguson saluted all those who contributed over the years to the shuttle program."The shuttle is always going to be a reflection of what a great nation can do when it dares to be bold and commits to follow through,'' he said. "We're not ending the journey today ... we're completing a chapter of a journey that will never end.''In this photo released by NASA, space shuttle Atlantis lifts off from NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, the United States, July 8, 2011. U.S. space shuttle Atlantis lifted off at about 11:29 a.m. EDT (1529 GMT) on Friday from Kennedy Space Center in Florida, on the 135th and final flight in NASA's shuttle program.Atlantis's primary payload is an Italian-built cargo hauler named Raffaello which is loaded with 8,640 pounds (3,919 kgs) of food, clothing, supplies and science equipment to sustain space station operations after the shuttles are retired.Only four astronauts take to the skies because there is no shuttle available for a rescue flight should anything go wrong. Normally NASA sends six or seven astronauts on space shuttle flights -- with the last four-person shuttle crew launched 28 years ago.But Atlantis' status as the final flight means there is no other space shuttle on standby and the U.S. would have to call on Russia for any rescue operation. The Russian Soyuz capsules hold just three astronauts and at least one must be Russian, so two crew members would have to fly up and bring home the Americans from the International Space Station one at a time.The crew will also return an ammonia pump that recently failed on the station. Engineers want to understand why the pump failed and improve designs for future spacecraft. One spacewalk is planned during Atlantis' mission, though it will be conducted by NASA's two resident space station astronauts, rather than the shuttle crew.It is the 33rd voyage for Atlantis. Its return to the earth later this month will mark the end of the 30-year shuttle program.Atlantis will be the last shuttle to be retired. Discovery was first in March, followed by Endeavour at the beginning of June. Each shuttle will head to a museum.When the U.S. space shuttle program officially ends later this year, the Russian space program's Soyuz capsule will be the only method for transporting astronauts to and from the station.Space shuttles have made great contributions to U.S. space exploration. They allowed astronauts to not only launch satellites, but to grab and repair them and put them back into service. Most remarkably, they allowed NASA to regularly rejuvenate the Hubble Space Telescope, which for 21 years has produced images that are transforming astronomers' understanding of the universe. With their enormous cargo bays, the shuttles also enabled the United States and its partners to build the International Space Station.However, high costs, risks, policy shift force the U.S. to quit the space shuttle program.NASA originally estimated the program would cost about 90 billion U.S. dollars. However, its actual cost stands at about 200 billion dollars, compared with the 151 billion dollars spent on Apollo which took Americans to the moon in 1969.Seven astronauts perished when Challenger exploded about a minute after launch in 1986. Nearly two decades after the Challenger explosion, a new catastrophe shocked NASA when the shuttle Columbia disintegrated moments before landing in 2003.One out of every 67 flights ended in death. Based on deaths per million miles traveled, the space shuttle is 138 times riskier than a passenger jet.The panel that investigated the 2003 Columbia accident concluded: "It is in the nation's interest to replace the Shuttle as soon as possible.''The Obama administration wants to spur private companies to get into the space taxi business, freeing NASA to focus on deep space exploration and new technology development.During his first-ever Twitter town hall meeting on Wednesday, Obama said NASA needs new technology breakthroughs to revitalize its mission to explore the universe."The shuttle did some extraordinary work in low-orbit experiments, the International Space Station, moving cargo. It was an extraordinary accomplishment. And we're very proud of the work that it did," Obama said. "But now what we need is that next technological breakthrough."

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