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WASHINGTON, May 12 (Xinhua) -- Early initiation of antiretroviral treatment in people infected with HIV prevents them from transmitting the virus to their partners, according to findings released Thursday from a large-scale international clinical study.The study, known as HPTN 052, was designed to evaluate whether antiretroviral drugs can prevent sexual transmission of HIV infection among couples in which one partner is HIV-infected and the other is not. The results are the first of their kind from a major randomized clinical trial.Led by Myron Cohen, of the University of North Carolina, the research found that treating HIV-infected individuals with antiretroviral therapy (ART) when their immune systems are still relatively healthy led to a 96 percent reduction in HIV transmission to their partners.This critical new finding convincingly demonstrates that early treatment of infected individuals can have a major impact on the spread of the epidemic.Study investigators enrolled 1,763 couples who were not eligible for ART by WHO standards in nine countries around the world. All couples were at least 18 years of age. The vast majority of the couples (97 percent) were heterosexual, which precludes any definitive conclusions about effectiveness in men who have sex with men.Couples were randomly assigned to one of two study groups. In the first group, the HIV-infected partner initiated antiretroviral therapy (ART) as soon as the couple enrolled in the study (the immediate treatment group); in the second group, infected partners did not begin ART until their CD4+ counts fell to between 200 and 250 cells/mm3 or they developed an AIDS-related illness (the delayed treatment group). Couples in both groups received HIV primary care, counseling and condoms.Results of this research study, which was scheduled to conclude in 2015, are being released early, after the independent data and safety monitoring board (DSMB) determined that the benefits of early treatment were clear.

JERUSALEM, May 8 (Xinhua) -- Israeli researcher Jacob (Koby) Scheuer, from the Tel Aviv University (TAU) School of Electrical Engineering, has developed a nano-scale gyroscope, the Ha'aretz daily reported Sunday.Scheuer developed a new optic-fiber nano-sensor four years ago, along with an optic gyroscope that works in conjunction with the sensor. As he developed the devices, it occurred to him that his discovery could be harnessed to surgical needs, virtual reality, or communications, said the report."What we developed here is an optic gyroscope," Scheuer told Xinhua in a recent interview on Sunday, "like the others, but the breakthrough is that we found a way to measure rotation in a very, very small device using the optic sensor."Optic gyroscopes emit light when they rotate, and change its wavelength when there is any change in the speed of rotation, making it possible to measure velocity and position by the differences in light.Scheuer's gyroscope, however, is so small in comparison to the others commonly used in planes, trains and vehicles, that it can be used in cell phones or watches and does not need satellite connection like the ubiquitous Global Positioning System.The applications of this gyroscope and optic sensor are almost endless, as Scheuer puts it."It can be a pill that you swallow and can move through your body to take pictures or release drugs in a localized area," the researcher explained, "or it can be used by a doctor to operate on a patient who is thousands of kilometers away.""Our gyroscope has complete independent navigation capability, which the others don't have," he stressed.Though the new optic gyroscope works in theory, it still hasn't been tried in out in reality. "It will take some time until we can empirically demonstrate our work, I would say about three to five years," Scheuer added.Alongside the gyroscope, Scheuer continues to work on the optic sensor, whose applications can also be found in security, such as an information security system developed by Scheuer to safeguard online information that acts as a key bearer."When both parties have 'the key' it's virtually impossible to hack the information sent," Scheuer noted, terming the development as a "total paradigm change."

WASHINGTON, May 27 (Xinhua) -- The U.S. Treasury Department said in a report released on Friday that China was not manipulating its currency."In China, since the authorities decided in June 2010 to allow the exchange rate to appreciate in response to market forces, the renminbi (RMB) has appreciated by a total of 5.1 percent against the dollar in nominal terms through the end of April 2011, or at an annual pace of approximately 6.0 percent," noted the semi- annual report on international economic and exchange rate policies.The Treasury said that as inflation in China is significantly higher than it is in the United States, the renminbi has appreciated more rapidly against the dollar on a real, inflation- adjusted basis, at a rate of around 9 percent per year.The delayed report, which was originally scheduled to be sent to the Congress on April 15, finds "no major trading partner of the United States" manipulated its currency during the period covered in the report.The Treasury added that it will continue to "closely monitor" the renminbi appreciation pace.The report also noted that the U.S. economy is recovering from its deepest recession in the post-war period."While recent growth is encouraging, the economy still faces significant challenges," said the report. The number one challenge is still in the labor market.The U.S. unemployment rate, currently at 9.0 percent, is not expected to fall significantly this year.Besides, housing market and long-term fiscal position are " unsustainable," according to the report.In recent remarks, Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner stated that China is the fastest growing market for U.S. exports. In 2010, U.S. exports to China grew at a pace that was 50 percent higher than the rest of the world.

LOS ANGELES, April 1 (Xinhua) -- A NASA Gulfstream-III aircraft equipped with a synthetic aperture radar is scheduled to depart Sunday, April 3 on a nine-day mission to image Hawaii volcanoes, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) announced on Friday.The aircraft will fly from the Dryden Aircraft Operations Facility in Palmdale, California to the Big Island of Hawaii to study the Kilauea volcano that recently erupted, said JPL in Pasadena, Los Angeles.The mission will help scientists better understand processes occurring under Earth's surface, JPL said.Developed by JPL, the Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle Synthetic Aperture Radar, or UAVSAR, uses a technique called interferometric synthetic aperture radar that sends pulses of microwave energy from the aircraft to the ground to detect and measure very subtle deformations in Earth's surface, such as those caused by earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides and glacier movements.As the Gulfstream-III flies at an altitude of about 12,500 meters, the radar, located in a pod under the aircraft's belly, will collect data over Kilauea, according to JPL.The UAVSAR's first data acquisitions over this volcanic region took place in January 2010, when the radar flew over the volcano daily for a week. The UAVSAR detected deflation of Kilauea's caldera over one day, part of a series of deflation-inflation events observed at Kilauea as magma is pumped into the volcano's east rift zone.This month's flights will repeat the 2010 flight paths to an accuracy of within 5 meters, or about 16.5 feet, assisted by a Platform Precision Autopilot designed by engineers at NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center on Edwards Air Force Base, California, JPL said.By comparing these camera-like images, interferograms are formed that reveal changes in Earth's surface, said JPL.Between March 5 and 11, 2011, a spectacular fissure eruption occurred along the east rift zone. Satellite radar imagery captured the progression of this volcanic event."The April 2011 UAVSAR flights will capture the March 2011 fissure eruption surface displacements at high resolution and from multiple viewing directions, giving us an improved resolution of the magma injected into the east rift zone that caused the eruption," said JPL research scientist Paul Lundgren."Our goal is to be able to deploy the UAVSAR on short notice to better understand and aid in responding to hazards from Kilauea and other volcanoes in the Pacific region covered by this study," Lundgren added.

WASHINGTON, May 2 (Xinhua) -- Rice originated in China, a team of U.S. genome researchers has concluded in a study tracing back thousands of years of evolutionary history through large-scale gene re-sequencing.Their findings, which appear Monday in the latest issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), indicate that domesticated rice may have first appeared as far back as approximately 9,000 years ago in the Yangtze Valley of China. Previous research suggested domesticated rice may have two points of origin -- India as well as China.Asian rice, Oryza sativa, is one of world's oldest crop species. It is also a very diverse crop, with tens of thousands of varieties known throughout the world. Two major subspecies of rice -- japonica and indica -- represent most of the world's varieties. Sushi rice, for example, is a type of japonica, while most of the long-grain rice in risottos are indica.Because rice is so diverse, its origins have been the subject of scientific debate. One theory -- a single-origin model -- suggests that indica and japonica were domesticated once from the wild rice O. rufipogon.Another -- a multiple-origin model -- proposes that these two major rice types were domesticated separately and in different parts of Asia. The multiple-origin model has gained currency in recent years as biologists have observed significant genetic differences between indica and japonica, and several studies examining the evolutionary relationships among rice varieties supported more than domestication in both India and China.In the PNAS study, the researchers re-assessed the evolutionary history, or phylogeny, of domesticated rice using previously published datasets, some of which have been used to argue that indica and japonica rice have separate origins. Using more modern computer algorithms, however, the researchers concluded these two species have the same origin because they have a closer genetic relationship to each other than to any wild rice species found in either India or China.In addition, the study's authors examined the phylogeny of domesticated rice by re-sequencing 630 gene fragments on selected chromosomes from a diverse set of wild and domesticated rice varieties. Using new modeling techniques, which had previously been used to look at genomic data in human evolution, their results showed that the gene sequence data was more consistent with a single origin of rice.In the study, the investigators also used a "molecular clock" of rice genes to see when rice evolved. Depending on how the researchers calibrated their clock, they pinpointed the origin of rice at possibly 8,200 years ago, while japonica and indica split apart from each other about 3,900 years ago. The study's authors pointed out that these molecular dates were consistent with archaeological studies.Archaeologists have uncovered evidence in the last decade for rice domestication in the Yangtze Valley beginning approximately 8, 000 to 9,000 years ago while domestication of rice in the India's Ganges region was around about 4,000 years ago."As rice was brought in from China to India by traders and migrant farmers, it likely hybridized extensively with local wild rice," explained New York University biologist Michael Purugganan, one of the study's co-authors. "So domesticated rice that we may have once thought originated in India actually has its beginnings in China."