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WELLINGTON, June 10 (Xinhua) -- Scientists have uncovered an almost complete picture of the remains of a geological formation that was one of the great wonders of the 19th Century world before it was covered in ash and water during a volcanic eruption.Scientists from New Zealand and the United States said Friday they had discovered the White Terraces, half of the famous Pink and White Terraces in the central North Island's Lake Rotomahana.The same group of scientists found the remnants of the pink half of the former world-famous tourist attraction on the lake floor in January.The Pink and White Terraces were buried by the eruption of Mount Tarawera 125 years ago on 10 June 1886. The two sets of cascading silica terraces were separated by several hundred metres.The two formerly glistening terraces were formed on the shores of the lake, where the silica rich waters were warmed by the magma beneath.In the late 19th Century, the cascading terraces attracted people from all over the world. The White Terraces were the larger and stretched to a height of 30 meters, forming a 240-meter face. Visitors could walk up to a crater platform where they could bathe in the clear blue waters in naturally-formed basins up to three meters deep.Project Leader Cornel de Ronde, of New Zealand's GNS Science geosciences research institute, said the sonar images from Lake Rotomahana showed the lake floor was covered overwhelmingly by soft sediment and mud.The side-scan sonar data of the lake floor was collected on the last day of the 10-day project at Lake Rotomahana during the southern summer, but was analyzed using new software, which became available after the data collection had finished.The scientists found the sonar data contained images of hard, crescent-shaped structures on the lake bed in a similar location to where the White Terraces were before the eruption of 1886.The structures were about 60 meters below the surface, a similar depth to the Pink Terraces found in January. The lake is about 122 meters deep at its deepest point."The two places on the lake floor where we encountered hard, up- standing crescent-shaped features correspond to the locations of the Pink and White Terraces before the Tarawera eruption," de Ronde said."The sonar image that appears to show part of the White Terraces came to light after the project had finished. It shows a horizontal segment of terraces over 100 meters long, although we don't know which part of the terraces it is."The rounded terrace edges are standing up from the lake floor by about a meter in some places. The sonar images of both sets of terraces are strikingly similar."Scientists managed to capture several color photographs of part of the Pink Terraces in January, but they did not lower an underwater camera over the White Terraces location during the project as they were unaware of what the sonar data was showing at the time.The fate of the remaining sections of the Pink and White Terraces was unclear, said a statement from GNS. "They might have been destroyed in the eruption. Alternatively, they could be lying under thick sediment, which is impenetrable to sonar signals sent out by the two autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) used in the survey."De Ronde said finding remnants of both sets of terraces was a remarkable outcome for the project."The project team was absolutely thrilled in January when we realised our AUVs had detected remnants of the Pink Terraces. Finding part of what we believe is the White Terraces as well has been surprising and very satisfying."The original aim of the project at Lake Rotomahana was to map the lake floor and investigate the extensive geothermal system under the lake and how it evolved from an on-land geothermal system to a submerged one. Anything else was a bonus," de Ronde said."It's gratifying to be part of a science project that can answer a century-old mystery about the fate of the Pink and White Terraces."De Ronde said the announcement of the find was timed to coincide with the 125th anniversary of Tarawera's eruption.The 10-day project was a collaboration involving GNS Science, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in Massachusetts, Lamont- Doherty Earth Observatory at Columbia University in New York, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in Seattle, and New Zealand's University of Waikato.

VIENNA, Sept. 22 (Xinhua) -- Climate change and rising temperature in the long term can lead to water shortages in the Alps region, international experts warned Thursday at the Water-Scarce Final Conference in the Austrian eastern city Graz.The Alpine region originally is rich in water resources due to a large number of glaciers, spring and abundant rainfall either in summer or winter. But global warming may change this situation which has been shown in the past years that the water reserve has reduced gradually due to climate change, warned the experts.Observation data have shown a significant decrease of 25 percent in groundwater recharge in the past 100 years which has also resulted in the reduction of mountain spring.Director of the Provincial Department of Water Resources of Styria Johann Wiedner point out, in 2003, droughts occurred in the eastern part of the Alps, including the state of Styria and water shortages were also found in other regions of the Alps. He said the phenomenon was giving a warning that people "have to do something."To this end, the European Union begun a project called "Alp Water Scarce" three years ago to observe water reserves, air temperature, water temperature and water table in this region and study the relationships among them.Wiedner also admitted that there is no shortage of water at least in the short term and water supply for the local residents is totally insured.

LOS ANGELES, July 18 (Xinhua) -- At least 70 genetic mutations may be involved in the formation of colon cancer, far more than scientists previously thought, a new study suggests.The study by researchers at University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center contradicts previous thinking that only a few mutated genes may play a role in the development of colon cancer."The ways we've been treating patients up to now is to just go after one target when we should be going after three to four different pathways simultaneously," said Dr. Jerry W. Shay, vice chairman and professor of cell biology at UT Southwestern.The new study identified 65 candidate genes and at least five passenger genes whose mutations play significant roles in cancer development. Inactivating the function of any of these tumor- suppressing genes led to a key step in cancer development called anchorage-independent growth, meaning cells piled up on top of each other rather than aligning neatly.According to previous studies, there were 151 candidate genes and that mutations in just eight to 15 of them would lead to cancer. There were 700 other genes classified as passenger genes whose mutations were incidental to cancer growth.Current cancer treatments target just one or two known cancer- driver genes. While patients may get transient tumor burden reduction, almost universally tumor growth returns."Those numbers are dead wrong," Dr. Shay said, suggesting a new approach to colon cancer treatments targeting multiple genes and pathways simultaneously.The next step is further research to classify more accurately which genes drive cancer and which are merely passengers, the researchers said.Study findings were published in the July 2011 Cancer Research (Priority Reports).

BEIJING, August 1 (Xinhuanet) -- U.S. researchers have discovered a genetic mutation unique to African Americans that links to heighten their asthma risk, according to reports published on Sunday in the journal Nature Genetics.Researchers of University of Chicago found a gene, PYHIN1, and its variations may account for asthma risk in people of African descent. In their study, they examined data from nine previous genome-wide association studies, totaling more than 2 million single nucleotide polymorphisms in 3,246 asthma patients and 3,385 control patient, 1,702 patient-parent groupings, 355 family-based cases, and 468 family-based controls.In the study, the researchers found that between 26 percent and 29 percent of people of African-descent carried at least one copy of the gene.  In particular, one polymorphism of the gene was 34 percent more likely found in African-American and Afro-Caribbean people with asthma.  More interestingly, this variant of the gene is rarely found in Caucasian people and in Latino population, it was found in less than 5 percent.This new variant is part of a family of genes linked with the body's response to viral infections. It is thought to be involved in interferon signaling, which could influence the occurrence of asthma.The team stressed that each gene variant on its own plays only a small role in increasing asthma risk, but that risk could be multiplied when combined with other risk genes and with environmental factors.

WASHINGTON, July 15 (Xinhua) -- Coastal communities along the U. S. East Coast may be at risk to higher sea levels accompanied by more destructive storm surges in future El Nino years, according to a new study published Friday by the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).The study was prompted by an unusual number of destructive storm surges along the East Coast during the 2009-2010 El Nino winter.The study, led by Bill Sweet, from NOAA's Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services, examined water levels and storm surge events during the "cool season" of October to April for the past five decades at four sites representative of much of the East Coast: Boston, Atlantic City, Norfolk and Charleston.From 1961 to 2010, it was found that in strong El Nino years, these coastal areas experienced nearly three times the average number of storm surge events (defined as those of one foot or greater). The research also found that waters in those areas saw a third-of-a-foot elevation in mean sea level above predicted conditions."High-water events are already a concern for coastal communities. Studies like this may better prepare local officials who plan for or respond to conditions that may impact their communities," said Sweet. "For instance, city planners may consider reinforcing the primary dunes to mitigate for erosion at their beaches and protecting vulnerable structures like city docks by October during a strong El Nino year."El Nino conditions are characterized by unusually warm ocean temperatures in the Equatorial Pacific that normally peak during the Northern Hemisphere "cool season." They occur every three to five years with stronger events generally occurring every 10-15 years. El Nino conditions have important consequences for global weather patterns, and within the U.S., often cause wetter-than- average conditions and cooler-than-normal temperatures across much of the South.

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