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WASHINGTON, Nov. 8 (Xinhua) -- Children with autism have more brain cells and heavier brains compared to typically developing children, according to a study to be published on Wednesday in the Journal of the American Medical Association.The small, preliminary study provides direct evidence for possible prenatal causes of autism.The prefrontal cortex is involved in various higher order functions such as language and communication, social behavior, mood, and attention. Children who have autism tend to show deficits in such functions.Eric Courchesne, of the University of San Diego School of Medicine Autism Center of Excellence, and colleagues conducted direct counts of brain cells in specific regions of the prefrontal cortex in postmortem brains of seven boys who had autism and six typically developing males, ranging in age from 2-16 years. Most participants had died in accidents, but the researchers did not base their selection on causes of death.The researchers found that children with autism had 67 percent more neurons in the prefrontal cortex and heavier brains for their age compared to typically developing children. Since these neurons are produced before birth, the study's findings suggest that faulty prenatal cell birth or maintenance may be involved in the development of autism. Another possible factor that may contribute to the neuronal excess is a reduction in apoptosis, or programmed cell death, which normally occurs during the third trimester and early postnatal life.Though small, this preliminary study examined all relevant postmortem tissue available at the time. The relative scarcity of tissue from very young children may limit future research as well, but efforts to include a larger number of samples are needed to confirm these findings and to identify patterns of age-related changes in autism, the researchers say."Earlier studies of head circumference and early brain overgrowth have pointed us in this direction, but there have been few quantitative neuroanatomical studies due to the lack of postmortem tissue from children with autism," said Thomas Insel, director of the National Institute of Mental Health, in a statement. "These new results, along with an earlier study reporting altered wiring of the prefrontal cortex, focus our attention on this critical area of the brain in autism."

SUVA, Dec. 18 (Xinhua) -- There are 60 typhoid cases in Nanoko, with 29 already hospitalized, according to Fiji's Health Ministry.Senior Health Inspector Paula Laqere said Sunday that the increas means that people are not practicing proper hygiene standards. Laqere said most of the communities in Fiji have a really low level of good hygiene practices.The other problem is that some communities in Fiji have very poor sources of clean and safe water and this is what Fijian guests need to be cautious of."Typhoid is basically spread through contaminated water and our hygiene practices. It's an indicator that the sanitation level of any community is really low."A 30 day public health emergency is in place for the village, effective from Dec. 12 to Jan. 12.Recently, Fiji recorded rates of high typhoid fever in the world, said WHO South Pacific Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response Team leader doctor Jacob Kool.Kool said typhoid fever was difficult to diagnose and could be fatal in 10-20 percent of untreated patients.Recent studies showed that infants are commonly affected and are extremely vulnerable to the disease. Outbreaks occur regularly in areas with poor hygiene and sanitation including urban slums, he said.Kool said the only reliable symptom was prolonged fever and blood and stool culture are still the best available diagnostic tests but have a high rate of false negative results. He said therefore suspected typhoid cases should be treated regardless of the result of lab tests and ciprofloxacin was the recommended therapy for all age groups.Last year AusAID, WHO and UNICEF launched a typhoid fever vaccination campaign in Fiji.

BEIJING, Oct. 11 (Xinhuanet) -- Debates in the medical field developed on Monday as a U.S. government panel recommended that men of all ages should stop getting prostate cancer blood screenings.The United States Preventive Services examined all the evidence and found little if any reduction in deaths from routine P.S.A. screening and suggested that the test does more harm than good to healthy men.The P.S.A. test for prostate cancer, a blood test to screen for a protein that may indicate cancer, has become widely used because it can help detect tiny tumors at a very early sta ge, when they are theoretically most treatable.Unfortunately, according to the task force, the vast majority of the results are false-positives: the men don’t actually have cancer. And most of those found to have cancerous cells would not suffer ill effects because their cancer is so slow-growing that it would not cut short their lives. Those with faster-growing cancers may also not be helped if the cancer is extremely aggressive.After the recommendation came out last week, many prostate cancer specialists have been pushing back.Urologist Dr. Mark DeGuenther said this recommendation is more about saving money than saving lives. He said death rates from prostate cancer have dropped 40 percent since men began getting screened at age 40 and he says it will save taxpayers and patients more money in the long run to diagnose and treat cancers earlier rather than wait and have to provide expensive care for advanced stage cancers."We all agree that we've got to do a better job of figuring out who would benefit from P.S.A. screening," said Dr. Scott Eggener, a prostate cancer specialist at the University of Chicago. "But a blanket statement of just doing away with it altogether ... seems over-aggressive and irresponsible."Dr. Deepak Kapoor, chairman and chief executive of Integrated Medical Professionals, which includes the nation's largest urology practice, said "We will not allow patients to die, which is what will happen if this recommendation is accepted."That task force's recommendation isn't final - it's a draft open for public debate. And obviously the debate is already under way.

MILAN, Italy, Dec. 1 (Xinhua) -- Italy has a new HIV infection every three hours on average, the national department of health said in a statement during the World AIDS Day commemoration Thursday.According to the statement, there were about 3,000 new infections in the country in 2010, with nearly one third of those affecting a foreigner.At least 157,000 people are presently estimated to be HIV-positive in Italy, though the country's AIDS infections and deaths continue to register a negative trend.Nearly 90 percent of the new patients acquired the virus through unprotected sex, and were mostly from the northern regions.People discovered to be HIV-positive in 2010 had an average age of 39 for men and 35 for women, more than a third of whom were diagnosed at an advanced stage of the disease, the statement said.Misinformation and a lack of preventive measures are a great cause for concern, Milan's councillor for social services and health Pierfrancesco Majorino told Xinhua at a campaign launched in Milan's La Scala Square."We have to keep in mind that AIDS is something very close to each of us, and adopt all most effective campaigns to provide complete and correct information," he said.A red ribbon -- the international symbol of AIDS awareness -- was formed by a group of people at the center of the square to remind everyone to stay alert to the disease.On World AIDS Day, disease prevention and health information campaigns were launched throughout Italy, including free ultra-rapid HIV-screening tests.

BEIJING, Jan. 25 (Xinhua) -- China's meteorological authority said Wednesday that most parts of China will continue to be in the grip of cold with temperatures remaining low over the next few days.Snowy weather is forecast to continue in the country's southern regions, and freezing rain is expected to hit parts of Guizhou and Hunan provinces, the National Meteorological Center said in a statement on its website.Parts of the country's northwest areas expected to see light snow or drizzle.Meanwhile, fog will shroud most parts of the country's southern areas Wednesday morning, reducing visibility in parts of Yunnan, Hunan, Jiangxi, and Zhejiang provinces to less than 1,000 meters, while smog is forecast to hit some areas of Jiangsu Province, according to the statement.