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WASHINGTON, July 7 (Xinhua) -- Space shuttle Atlantis will soar into the sky Friday on NASA's 135th and final flight. Its scheduled return to Earth later this month will mark the end of NASA's 30-year space program.Since its onset with the launch of space shuttle Columbia, the program has been seen as a cheap, safe and reliable way for space exploration.Despite its great contributions to U.S. manned space flight, it has also left some grave and tragic lessons, making its termination inevitable.HIKING COSTSLaunched in 1972 by then President Richard Nixon, the shuttle program aimed to provide a new system of affordable space travel and proved to be NASA's most enduring project in its 50 years of existence.In 1981, shuttle Columbia made its first shuttle flight for two days. It was the ultimate hybrid and the first reusable spacecraft.Launched like a rocket and gliding back to Earth like an airplane, space shuttles not only can act as a space taxi to carry astronauts, but have the muscle of a long-distance trucker to haul heavy machinery.The spaceship boasts more than 3,500 subsystems and 2.5 million parts and is nine times faster than a speeding bullet as it climbs heavenward. That versatility, however, has translated into higher costs.NASA originally estimated the program would cost about 90 billion U.S. dollars. However, its actual cost stands at about 200 billion dollars, compared with the 151 billion dollars spent on Apollo which took Americans to the moon in 1969.In an article in Technology Review, John Logsdon, former head of the Space Policy Institute at George Washington University, drew a direct connection between the ravenous shuttle budget and the lack of other large advances in manned space flight."By operating the system for 30 years, with its high costs and high risk, rather than replacing it with a less expensive, less risky second-generation system, NASA compounded the original mistake of developing the most ambitious version of the vehicle," he wrote."The shuttle's cost has been an obstacle to NASA starting other major projects," he added.HIGH RISKIn terms of safety, the shuttles have never been as reliable as their designers had envisioned.On average, one out of every 67 flights ended up with fatal accidents. Based on the rate of deaths per million miles traveled, the space shuttle is 138 times riskier than a passenger jet.Seven astronauts onboard died when Challenger exploded about a minute after launch in 1986. Nearly two decades after the tragic blast, a new catastrophe descended when the shuttle Columbia disintegrated moments before landing in 2003, killing another seven spacemen.Again, the shuttle program was shelved for more than two years as NASA stepped up efforts to make it safer. But experts say the fundamental problem related to shuttles' safety cannot be solved due to their "birth defects.""It is in the nation's interest to replace the Shuttle as soon as possible," concluded the panel that investigated the 2003 Columbia accident.

SAN FRANCISCO, Aug. 22 (Xinhua) -- Hewlett-Packard (HP) on Monday unveiled a new business desktop computer, days after the world's largest personal computer (PC) maker announced its plan to sell its PC business.The company said the new model, HP Compaq 8200 Elite All-in-One Business Desktop, is the industry's first all-in-one PC that integrates Intel's second-generation Core vPro technology, which can deliver up to 40 percent better performance, 15 percent faster hard drive access and reduced downtime via remote information technology management."Another industry first in our Elite desktop family demonstrates our commitment to engineering excellence and underscores our global leadership in secure, enterprise computing, " Jeff Groudan, HP's director of commercial desktop marketing, said in a statement.HP said the new computer is available now in the United States. It starts at the price of 999 U.S. dollars, and comes with a standard three-year warranty.Last Thursday the company announced that it is considering a full or partial separation of its PC business through a spin-off or other transactions, a process that HP estimates may take about 12 to 18 months.

LOS ANGELES, July 18 (Xinhua) -- At least 70 genetic mutations may be involved in the formation of colon cancer, far more than scientists previously thought, a new study suggests.The study by researchers at University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center contradicts previous thinking that only a few mutated genes may play a role in the development of colon cancer."The ways we've been treating patients up to now is to just go after one target when we should be going after three to four different pathways simultaneously," said Dr. Jerry W. Shay, vice chairman and professor of cell biology at UT Southwestern.The new study identified 65 candidate genes and at least five passenger genes whose mutations play significant roles in cancer development. Inactivating the function of any of these tumor- suppressing genes led to a key step in cancer development called anchorage-independent growth, meaning cells piled up on top of each other rather than aligning neatly.According to previous studies, there were 151 candidate genes and that mutations in just eight to 15 of them would lead to cancer. There were 700 other genes classified as passenger genes whose mutations were incidental to cancer growth.Current cancer treatments target just one or two known cancer- driver genes. While patients may get transient tumor burden reduction, almost universally tumor growth returns."Those numbers are dead wrong," Dr. Shay said, suggesting a new approach to colon cancer treatments targeting multiple genes and pathways simultaneously.The next step is further research to classify more accurately which genes drive cancer and which are merely passengers, the researchers said.Study findings were published in the July 2011 Cancer Research (Priority Reports).

SAN FRANCISCO, Sept. 13 (Xinhua) -- Microsoft released on Tuesday a test version of Windows 8 to developers, posing to regain ground of the tablet market dominated by Apple and Google.At its developer-focused BUILD conference held in Anaheim, California, the software giant handed out new Samsung tablet computers with a test version of the code-named "Windows 8," the first detailed preview of the system for developers and people outside Microsoft.Generally expected to be launched in fall 2012, Microsoft did not say when the system will ship or its price.Microsoft Windows President Steven Sinofsky introduces the new tablet running a test version of its touch-enabled Windows 8 at the Build conference in Anaheim, California September 13, 2011Featuring a home page filled with colorful application tiles, the new system boots up in seconds. Microsoft said the system will run on low-power ARM-based chips that power smartphones and tablets. Windows 8 also introduces a new "Metro style" interface, which run full-screen and users can multitask in two at a time."We reimagined Windows," said Steven Sinofsky, president of the Windows and Windows Live Division at Microsoft, in his keynote address to the thousands of developers in attendance. "From the chipset to the user experience, Windows 8 brings a new range of capabilities without compromise."Analysts said the new system is consumer-oriented and intuitive but it will take time to see whether it is an "iPad killer."As professionals and consumers began to spend more time on smartphones and tablets, Microsoft has not got a significant bite of the market, losing ground to Apple's iPad and devices running Google's Android system.

MOSCOW, Aug. 24 (Xinhua) -- A Russian Progress cargo ship crashed into Siberia after failing to reach the right orbit Wednesday. The crash marked the second failure in space launch in less than a week and the third in this year, prompting local media to suspect a major reshuffle in Russia's space industry.UNPRECEDENTED FAILUREThe Progress M-12M unmanned freighter was launched to the International Space Station from Baikonur space center in Kazakhstan on Wednesday. It was expected to reach a near-Earth orbit in about nine minutes after launch.However, after the 325th second of the flight, which was just a few seconds before the vessel should reach the orbit, the ground control center lost it.Russian space agency Roscosmos confirmed later that the cargo ship failed to reach the orbit and fell down. Russian Progress M-12M cargo ship is launched to the International Space Station from Baikonur space center in Kazakhstan on Wednesday, Aug. 24, 2011. It has failed to reach the orbit, the Interfax news agency reported.The malfunction of the Soyuz-U rocket's engine was generally believed to be the cause of the accident, according to local media.A source in the space industry said the spaceship had sent a breakdown report while separating from the Soyuz rocket.Some unconfirmed reports said the fuel tank of the booster leaked and the engine was automatically turned off to avoid explosion.The wreckage of the Progress cargo ship has already fallen in southern Siberia's Altai Republic, where a big explosion was heard by locals, reported RIA Novosti news agency.A state investigation committee has been formed to look into the first ever loss of a Progress freighter.CONCERNS OVER FUTUREThe unprecedented accident raised concerns over the reserves of the six crew members on board the ISS.The ship was loaded with over 3.5 tons of supplies for the ISS, including scientific materials, oxygen, water and food.According to Russia's Ground Control, the loss of these supplies will not affect the ISS crew as there are enough stocks of necessities for two to three months.Also, there is no need for premature return of the crew, said Vladimir Solovyov, a space official.However, it still casts some shadow over the ISS program that relies on Russia exclusively following the retirement of U.S. shuttles.A source from the Russian space industry said the scheduled launches of the Soyuz rockets are likely to be suspended until the reasons of the accident are established.This means that current crew members of the ISS would likely stay longer in the space than planned, as the new members might not be able to replace them on schedule, the source explained. Solovyov said the launch of the next Progress is scheduled for October 28.So far, Roscosmos has refrained from comments regarding the possible halt in manned missions aboard Soyuz carrier rockets."Comments will follow. Now it is necessary to determine the causes of today's abortive launch of a Soyuz-u carrier rocket with the Progress M-2M transport ship," Roscosmos told Itar-Tass news agency.Local media raised the prospect of a major reshuffle in Russia' s space industry as the country has lost a total of six space vehicles over the past nine months.On Aug. 18, a carrier rocket Proton-M failed to deliver to the orbit communication satellite Express-AM4. Earlier in February, Russia had lost a satellite named Geo-IK2.In December 2010, a booster malfunction resulted in the loss of three satellites in the global positioning and navigation system GLONASS.