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WASHINGTON, Dec. 22 (Xinhua) -- The journal Science on Thursday chose the HPTN 052 clinical trial, an international HIV prevention trial as the 2011 Breakthrough of the Year.The study found that if HIV-infected heterosexual individuals begin taking anti-retroviral medicines when their immune systems are relatively healthy as opposed to delaying therapy until the disease has advanced, they are 96 percent less likely to transmit the virus to their uninfected partners. Findings from the trial, first announced in May, were published in the New England Journal of Medicine in August.The study was funded by the U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part of the National Institutes of Health."The HPTN 052 study convincingly demonstrated that anti- retroviral medications can not only treat but also prevent the transmission of HIV infection among heterosexual individuals," said NIAID Director Anthony Fauci in a statement. "We are pleased that Science recognized the extraordinary public health significance of these study results."Science's list of nine other ground-breaking scientific achievements from 2011 include:The Hayabusa Mission: After some near-disastrous technical difficulties and a stunningly successful recovery, Japan's Hayabusa spacecraft returned to Earth with dust from the surface of a large, S-type asteroid. This asteroid dust represented the first direct sampling of a planetary body in 35 years, and analysis of the grains confirmed that the most common meteorites found on Earth, known as ordinary chondrules, are born from these much larger, S-type asteroids.Unraveling Human Origins: Studying the genetic code of both ancient and modern human beings, researchers discovered that many humans still carry DNA variants inherited from archaic humans, such as the mysterious Denisovans in Asia and still-unidentified ancestors in Africa. One study this year revealed how archaic humans likely shaped our modern immune systems, and an analysis of Australopithecus sediba fossils in South Africa showed that the ancient hominin possessed both primitive and Homo-like traits.Capturing a Photosynthetic Protein: In vivid detail, researchers in Japan have mapped the structure of the Photosystem II, or PSII, protein that plants use to split water into hydrogen and oxygen atoms. The crystal-clear image shows off the protein's catalytic core and reveals the specific orientation of atoms within. Now, scientists have access to this catalytic structure that is essential for life on Earth -- one that may also hold the key to a powerful source of clean energy.Pristine Gas in Space: Astronomers using the Keck telescope in Hawaii to probe the faraway universe wound up discovering two clouds of hydrogen gas that seem to have maintained their original chemistry for two billion years after the big bang. Other researchers identified a star that is almost completely devoid of metals, just as the universe's earliest stars must have been, but that formed much later. The discoveries show that pockets of matter persisted unscathed amid eons of cosmic violence.

SHIJIAZHUANG, Oct. 16 (Xinhua) -- Chickens began being domesticated in China about 8,000 years ago, far earlier than in the rest of the world,according to a recent study on fossils uncovered in north China's Hebei Province.Archaeologists said they had unearthed 116 fossil specimens from 23 types of animals, including pig, dog, chicken, tortoise, fish, and clam, at the Cishan Site, a Neolithic village relic in the city of Wu'an.Several bone fragments were identified to be from domesticated chickens, said Qiao Dengyun, head of the Handan Municipal Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology."The chicken bones found at Cishan are slightly larger than wild jungle fowls, but smaller than that of a modern domesticated chicken," said Qiao.Qiao said the bone fossils date back to 6,000 BC, earlier than the oldest domesticated chicken previously discovered in India that dated back 4,000 years."Most of the bones were from cocks, indicating that ancient residents used the practice of killing cocks for their meat and raising hens for their eggs," said Qiao.The Cishan Site, which dates back 10,000 years, was first discovered in the 1970s. At the site, experts have found remnants of China's oldest cultivated millet as well as walnut shells, a discovery that challenged the popular belief that walnuts had been brought to China from what is now Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and Central Asia.

BEIJING, Dec. 26 (Xinhua) -- The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPC), China's top legislature, began here Monday to deliberate draft interpretations on two annexes of the Basic Law of the Macao concerning election issues.Li Fei, deputy director of the Commission of Legislative Affairs of the NPC Standing Committee, explained the draft interpretations to lawmakers.The Basic Law of the Macao Special Administrative Region (Macao SAR) was adopted in 1993 and went into effect on Dec. 20, 1999.Annex I to the Basic Law provides a method for selecting the SAR's chief executives while Annex II sets the method for the formation of its legislative assembly.Clause 7 of Annex I of the Basic Law says that if there is a need to amend the method for selecting the Chief Executives for 2009, and the terms subsequent to the year 2009, such amendments must be made with endorsement of a two-thirds majority of all the members of the Legislative Council and the consent of the Chief Executive, and they shall be reported to the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress for approval.Clause 3 of Annex II says that if there is a need to amend the method of forming the Legislative Assembly of the Macao Special Administrative Region in and after 2009, such amendments must be made with the endorsement of a two-thirds majority of all the members of the Assembly and the consent of the Chief Executive, and they shall be reported to the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress for the record.Li said that the phase "if there is a need to amend ..." should mean that they may or may not be amended.The decision-making on whether such necessity exists is reserved to the central authorities, or the NPC standing committee, said Li, adding that the Macao SAR government, rather than members of the Legislative Assembly, individually or jointly, should be the proper entity to propose any such amendments.Li also explained that if no amendment to the methods is adopted, the two Annexes should still apply.The full text of draft has not been made public yet, but the points raised by Li are identical to those in the committee's prior interpretations on Hong Kong SAR's Basic Law in 2004.During the deliberation, members of the committee noted that draft would help to safeguard Macao's long-term prosperity and stability.They also believed that it was "proper and necessary" to adopt the draft during this week's session as Macao's chief executive Fernando Chui Sai On had made the issue of modifying the method a "major work" in his policy address for the fiscal year 2012.Chui's statement recognized that "there is agreement that it is appropriate to properly modify the two methods in order to adapt to society's development and progress" and promised to "submit a proposal on whether to modify and - if so - how to modify the methods."Macao expects the formation of its fifth Legislative Assembly in 2013, and the selection of its fourth Chief Executive in 2014.

CANNES, France, Nov. 3 (Xinhua) -- Chinese President Hu Jintao on Thursday urged the world's major economies to work together to promote growth and financial stability."It is imperative that we stand on a higher plane, transcend differences on specific issues, move beyond short-term considerations, and jointly seek ways to overcome the crisis and sustain development," Hu told the Group of 20 (G20) summit here."At this critical moment, the G20 must work to address the key problems, boost market confidence, defuse risks and meet challenges and promote global economic growth and financial stability," said Hu.As the premier forum for international economic cooperation, the G20 must continue to demonstrate the spirit of standing together in times of adversity and pursuing win-win cooperation, he said.The Chinese president said "the current world economic situation deserves our high attention," cautioning the global recovery is fraught with instability and uncertainty and faces growing risks and challenges.Some major economies are experiencing economic slowdown and some countries are facing acute sovereign debt problems, said Hu.He also cited volatility in the international financial markets, and high inflationary pressure in emerging markets.Hu put forward a five-point proposal on what G20 nations need to do to tide over the crisis.First, the countries should ensure growth while paying attention to balance. Given the serious risks facing the global economy and continued market volatility, ensuring growth and promoting stability should be the top priority, he said."We should introduce new and strong measures to ensure that fiscal and monetary policies are fully implemented and that funding is channeled into the real economy to boost production and employment."Second, the G20 nations should strengthen unity and send a strong signal to the world as there is widespread panic and acute lack of confidence in the markets, said Hu.He urged G20 members to strengthen consultation and coordination, tackle sovereign debt risks, regulate cross-border capital flow, put the fluctuation of commodity prices under control, mitigate global inflationary pressure and make sure that the economic policies pursued by various countries do not offset each other.Third, global economic governance should be improved through reform, Hu said.The international financial crisis has highlighted the deficiencies in the global economic governance system, said Hu."Major efforts should be made to reform and improve the international monetary system, international trading system and commodity pricing mechanism," said the Chinese president.

SHENYANG, Nov. 17 (Xinhua) -- A MD-90 aircraft left the northeastern city of Shenyang for its American home on Thursday, ending the service of the last McDonnell-Douglas jet for Chinese airlines.Chinese carriers will no longer operate MD-made jets due to growing market demands, said Lu Changchun, deputy general manager with the north China branch of China Southern Airlines, which has operated the MD-90 jet for over a decade.MD-90 jets were involved in no accidents during the decade-long-service in China, so safety concerns did not lead to their retirement, Lu said, adding about 1,000 MD-90 jets are still flying around the world.Lu, however, admitted that supply of aircraft materials was affected as the production line of MD jets shrank, after McDonnell-Douglas Cooperation was merged into Boeing in 1997.MD jets were replaced mainly because Chinese airlines need new models to accommodate air travel demands fueled by the economic boom, Lu said.The north China branch of China Southern Airlines also announced Thursday the retirement of five A300-600R planes, which are replaced by A320 family jets. China Southern Airlines began flying an Airbus A380 superjumbo in China in October.China's domestic air travel market is predicted to grow 13.9 percent annually by 2014 and transport 379 million domestic air passengers, which will make the country the world's second-largest air travel market after the United States, according to a report released by the International Air Transport Association.Back in the 1990s, a Shanghai-based aircraft maker assembled two MD-90 jets in China, Lu said, adding the two jets retired this year.Change of jets model serves the strategic transformation of China Southern Airlines and meets the market demands, Lu said.Li Jiaxiang, chief of China's civil aviation administration, estimated that over 1.5 trillion yuan (235 billion U.S. dollars) will be invested in the civil aviation industry by 2015, adding about 2,000 aircraft to the country's fleet.Commercial Aircraft Corporation of China, producer of China's first self-developed jumbo jet, the C919, has announced that it will complete the design for the passenger plane in 2012. The jet is expected to take off in 2014 and put into service in 2016.

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