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LOS ANGELES, April 2 (Xinhua) -- People taking antidepressants may be more likely to develop thicker arteries which may raise the risk of heart disease and stroke, a new study suggests.Depression can heighten the risk for heart disease, but the effect of antidepressant use is separate and independent from depression itself, according to the study make public by the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) on Saturday.The data suggest that antidepressants may combine with depression for a negative effect on blood vessels, said study first author Amit Shah, MD, a cardiology fellow at Emory University School of Medicine.Study findings will be presented on April 5 at the American College of Cardiology meeting in New Orleans, according to the AAAS.The study included 513 middle-aged male twins who both served in the U.S. military during the Vietnam War. Twins are genetically the same but may be different when it comes to other risk factors such as diet, smoking and exercise, so studying them is a good way to distill out the effects of genetics.Researchers measured carotid intima-media thickness - the thickness of the lining of the main arteries in the neck -- by ultrasound. Among the 59 pairs of twins where only one brother took antidepressants, the one taking the drugs tended to have higher carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), even when standard heart disease risk factors were taken into account.The effect was seen both in twins with or without a previous heart attack or stroke. A higher level of depressive symptoms was associated with higher IMT only in those taking antidepressants."One of the strongest and best-studied factors that thickens someone's arteries is age, and that happens at around 10 microns per year," Shah said. "In our study, users of antidepressants see an average 40 micron increase in IMT, so their carotid arteries are in effect four years older."Antidepressants' effects on blood vessels may come from changes in serotonin, a chemical that helps some brain cells communicate but also functions outside the brain, Shah said."I think we have to keep an open mind about the effects of antidepressants on neurochemicals like serotonin in places outside the brain, such as the vasculature. The body often compensates over time for drugs' immediate effects," Shah said. " Antidepressants have a clinical benefit that has been established, so nobody taking these medications should stop based only on these results. This isn 't the kind of study where we can know cause and effect, let alone mechanism, and we need to see whether this holds up in other population groups."

You can think of NASA's Discovery program as a sort of outer-space American Idol: every few years the agency invites scientists to propose unmanned planetary missions. The projects have to address some sort of fundamental science question, and (this is the tough part) they have to be relatively cheap to pull off — say, half a billion dollars or so. Then the proposals go through a grueling competition before judges who aren't as nasty as Simon Cowell but who are every bit as tough. The one left standing at the end gets the equivalent of a recording contract: NASA supplies the funding and the launch vehicle, and away the winner goes — to orbit Mercury, as the Messenger spacecraft is doing right now; or to rendezvous with a couple of asteroids, as the Dawn mission will start doing this July; or to smash into a comet on purpose, a feat achieved by Deep Impact in 2005, a mission not to be confused with the movie of the same name. Now it's time for the next contenders. NASA has just announced that the first round of the latest Discovery competition is over, with three entries out of 28 moving on to the finals. They are, in increasing distance from Earth: the Geophysical Monitoring Station (GEMS) lander, which would use seismometers to study the interior of Mars; the Comet Hopper, which would do just that, leaping from place to place across the surface of Comet 46P/Wirtanen to see how different parts of the tumbling body react to heating by the sun; and the Titan Mare Explorer (TiME), which would plop into a sea of liquid hydrocarbons on Saturn's moon Titan — the first oceangoing vessel ever to set sail on another world. If you had to come up with a theme that ties all three missions together, it would be "origins." The Titan explorer, for example, will be studying a place that — in a crude way, at least — resembles the early planet Earth at a time when life arose here. Titan, with a thick atmosphere and a bizarro-world form of weather featuring toxic winds and hydrocarbon rain, is home to a mix of complex chemistry, complete with organic molecules. The oceans provide a medium in which the molecules can move around and interact with each other. It's even conceivable, though clearly a long shot, that some form of microscopic life already exists on this frigid moon. The Mars lander, by contrast, would visit a place where the seas — plain water in this case — vanished long ago. But the mission of GEMS goes far deeper than that. By analyzing Marsquakes on the Red Planet, GEMS will try to get a handle on what the interior of Mars is like. Scientists don't currently know whether the planet's core is liquid, like Earth's, or solid, or some mushy consistency in between. It all depends on how efficiently Mars has cooled since it formed 4.5 billion years ago, and that depends in turn on the planet's internal structure. "That's the mission," says Bruce Banerdt, of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, the lead scientist for GEMS. "We want to understand how Mars was built." Along with sensitive seismographic equipment, GEMS will drill down about 20 ft. (6 m) with a thermometer-equipped probe, trying to figure out how quickly the temperature rises with depth. "That will let us extrapolate all the way down to the center," Banerdt says, "which will tell us how fast Mars is cooling."

BEIJING, April 19 (Xinhuanet) -- Almost one year after the disastrous oil spill, scientists believe that the overall health of the Gulf of Mexico as nearly back to normal.However, the scientists restrain their optimism about nature's resiliency with the glaring blemishes out there. It's been nearly a year since BP's Gulf of Mexico oil spill began last April, triggering one of the world's worst environmental disasters. Nearly 5 million barrels of oil leaked from the ruptured Deepwater Horizon well during the months-long catastrophe.BP said last November that the disaster cost it nearly 40 billion U.S. dollars, according to a Guardian report.According to a BP survey of researchers, over three dozen scientists grade the Gulf's big picture health a 68 on average, using a 1-to-100 scale.That's just a few points below the 71 the same researchers gave last summer when asked what grade they would give the ecosystem before the spill. And it's an improvement from the 65 given back in October after months of the oil spill.

WASHINGTON, April 29 (Xinhua) -- A U.S. appeals court ruled on Friday that the Obama administration can continue the taxpayer- funding for human embryonic stem cell research.The U.S. Court of Appeals in Washington overturned a preliminary federal court order that would have blocked the U.S. Health and Human Services Department and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) from spending government money on embryonic stem cells research."Today's ruling is a victory for our scientists and patients around the world who stand to benefit from the groundbreaking medical research they're pursuing," said Nicholas Papas, a White House spokesman.U.S. President Barack Obama has been trying to expand government funding for human embryonic stem cells research, saying that years of progress on finding cures for spinal cord injuries, Parkinson's disease and other diseases would be lost without the government support on this field.Opponents have been arguing the research is unacceptable because embryonic stem cells can only be obtained through destroying human embryos.Last August, a federal judge ruled that the government-backed embryonic stem cell research violated the law because embryos were destroyed in the process and it jeopardized the position of researchers using adult stem cells for winning federal grants.The government immediately appealed to the ruling, and the appeals court said the research could continue at the NIH before the judge ruled on the case.

LOS ANGELES, March 3 (Xinhua) -- More and more American adults are suffering from a decline in overall sleep duration, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) said on Thursday.It's recommended that adults should sleep seven to nine hours a night to maintain good health, but more than one-third of Americans do not meet that requirement, according to the CDC.Insufficient sleep poses a long-term heath threat and impairs work performance and the ability to drive safely, the CDC said.Chronic sleep loss also is associated with obesity, increased risk of death and other health problems, according to the CDC."Over the last 20 years there has been a decline in overall sleep duration in adults," said Lela McKnight-Eily, a clinical psychologist and epidemiologist at the CDC's National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention."Within our culture there seems to be a belief that sleep isn't a part of overall essential health," she said.McKnight-Eily and her colleagues studied the sleep habits of 74,571 adults in 12 states, 35.3 percent reported sleeping less than seven hours.In addition, 48 percent reported snoring, 37.9 percent said they fell asleep at least once during the day the previous month and 4.7 percent admitted to falling asleep at the wheel at least once.Drowsiness or nodding off while driving accounts for 1,550 deaths and 40,000 injuries a year, according to the U.S. Department of Transportation.To get enough sleep, Americans have to change lifestyle habits, including longer workdays and late nights on the computer, McKnight-Eily said, noting that too much screen time paring away much-needed sleep time.

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