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WASHINGTON, May 12 (Xinhua) -- Early initiation of antiretroviral treatment in people infected with HIV prevents them from transmitting the virus to their partners, according to findings released Thursday from a large-scale international clinical study.The study, known as HPTN 052, was designed to evaluate whether antiretroviral drugs can prevent sexual transmission of HIV infection among couples in which one partner is HIV-infected and the other is not. The results are the first of their kind from a major randomized clinical trial.Led by Myron Cohen, of the University of North Carolina, the research found that treating HIV-infected individuals with antiretroviral therapy (ART) when their immune systems are still relatively healthy led to a 96 percent reduction in HIV transmission to their partners.This critical new finding convincingly demonstrates that early treatment of infected individuals can have a major impact on the spread of the epidemic.Study investigators enrolled 1,763 couples who were not eligible for ART by WHO standards in nine countries around the world. All couples were at least 18 years of age. The vast majority of the couples (97 percent) were heterosexual, which precludes any definitive conclusions about effectiveness in men who have sex with men.Couples were randomly assigned to one of two study groups. In the first group, the HIV-infected partner initiated antiretroviral therapy (ART) as soon as the couple enrolled in the study (the immediate treatment group); in the second group, infected partners did not begin ART until their CD4+ counts fell to between 200 and 250 cells/mm3 or they developed an AIDS-related illness (the delayed treatment group). Couples in both groups received HIV primary care, counseling and condoms.Results of this research study, which was scheduled to conclude in 2015, are being released early, after the independent data and safety monitoring board (DSMB) determined that the benefits of early treatment were clear.

JOHANNESBURG, March 23 (Xinhua) -- Cervical cancer ranks as the second most frequent cancer among women in South Africa.Recent information from a World Health Organization (WHO) and ICO Information Center on Human Papilloma virus (HPV) and Cervical Cancer 2010 report shows that 16.84 million South African women aged 15 years and older are at risk of developing cervical cancer.Current estimates indicate that every year 5,743 women are diagnosed with cervical cancer and more than 3,000 die from the disease.About 21 percent of women in the general South African population are estimated to harbor cervical HPV infection at any given time, and 62.8 percent of invasive cervical cancers are attributed to HPV subtypes 16 or 18."Concern is growing as there appears to be an increasing epidemic of papillomavirus-induced disease involving not only the cervix but elsewhere in the female genital tract and anogenital region," said Professor Martin Hale, head of the Department of Anatomical Pathology at the University of the Witwatersrand (Wits) in Johannesburg and the National Health Laboratory Service.The South African population and people from Africa in general have high incidences of the HPV subtypes 16 or 18 according to Professor Hale. He is not entirely sure why but is of the opinion that the infection rate can be lowered."The common theory is that HPV is transmitted through sexual intercourse. If treated like a sexual disease and the necessary precautions are taken during sex the infection rate can be lowered, " Hale told Xinhua in an interview on Wednesday.HPV is also exacerbated as a result of the HIV pandemic and cause a rapid progression of premalignant dysplasia to invasive cancer in HIV positive patients.Hale believes the limited access to information and resources make it easy for the condition to thrive.However, according to Hale, a debate is still raging on how, to whom and whether the vaccine should be administered.Black women are at higher risk of contracting HPV and subsequent cervical cancer. Other risk factors that increase susceptibility include age of first intercourse, the number of children per woman, and a weakened immune system, to name a few."To avoid getting cervical cancer get the vaccine against HPV 16 and 18 infection before starting to be sexually active, have protected sex and go for regular screenings," he told Xinhua.

BEIJING, Jan. 24 (Xinhua) -- China has invested 115 billion yuan (17.45 billion U.S. dollars) on the South-to-North Water Diversion Project as of the end of last year, a senior official said Monday.E Jingping, director of the Office of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project Commission (SNWDPC) of the State Council, said construction on 40 projects began last year, marking a new annual record.No major accidents happened while constructing the projects last year, E said.The South-to-North Water Diversion Project is designed to divert water from the water-rich south of China, mainly the Yangtze, the country's longest river, to the country's arid northern regions. It will consist of three routes: an eastern, middle and western route. The project started with construction of the eastern route in 2002.Up until now, both of the eastern and middle routes were already under construction. The western route, meant to replenish the Yellow River with water from the upper reaches of the Yangtze through tunnels in the high mountains of western China, is still in the planning stage.About 330,000 people in Hubei and Henan Provinces will be relocated before the middle route is completed in 2014.

WASHINGTON, March 4 (Xinhua) -- New data suggest that the epilepsy drug Topamax (topiramate) and its generic versions increase the risk for the birth defects cleft lip and cleft palate in babies born to women who use the medication during pregnancy, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) said Friday in a statement.Before prescribing topiramate, approved to treat certain types of seizures in people who have epilepsy, health care professionals should warn patients of childbearing age about the potential hazard to the fetus if a woman becomes pregnant while using the drug, the FDA said.Topiramate also is approved to prevent migraine headaches, but not to relieve the pain of migraines."Health care professionals should carefully consider the benefits and risks of topiramate when prescribing it to women of childbearing age," said Russell Katz, director of the Division of Neurology Products in the FDA's Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. "Alternative medications that have a lower risk of birth defects should be considered."Cleft lip and cleft palate, collectively called oral clefts, are birth defects that occur when parts of the lip or palate do not completely fuse together early in the first trimester of pregnancy, a time when many women do not know they are pregnant.The defects range from a small notch in the lip to a groove that runs into the roof of the mouth and nose, possibly leading to problems with eating, talking, and to ear infections. Surgery often is performed to close the lip and palate and most children do well after treatment.Data from the North American Antiepileptic Drug (AED) Pregnancy Registry indicate an increased risk of oral clefts in infants exposed to topiramate during the first trimester of pregnancy. Infants exposed to topiramate as a single therapy experienced a 1.4 percent prevalence of oral clefts, compared with a prevalence of 0.38 percent - 0.55 percent in infants exposed to other antiepileptic drugs.Infants of mothers who did not have epilepsy and were not being treated with other antiepileptic drugs had a prevalence of 0.07 percent. Similar data from the United Kingdom Epilepsy and Pregnancy Register supported the North American AED Pregnancy Registry data.According to the FDA, before starting topiramate, pregnant women and women of childbearing potential should discuss other treatment options with their health care professional.

JOHANNESBURG, March 8 (Xinhua) -- In order to combat piracy and to improve maritime safety, South African authorities have begun using a sophisticated navigation satellite system, it was announced on Tuesday.Piracy, especially by Somalis, has been increasing along Africa east coast in recent years. The South African Press Association (SAPA) reported on Tuesday that Karl Otto, head of the South African Maritime Safety Authority (SAMSA) announced the surveillance tool at a conference in Durban.Called Long Range Identification and Tracking (LRIT), the system monitors and tracks vessels in waters south of the equator.Otto said the introduction of the LRIT followed concerns over the safety of seafarers, the safety standards of ships within South African waters.Otto said there were high levels of cargo at risk, such as fuels and oils.He said reasons for installing the system included the number of shipwrecks along the South African coast, and the threat of pollution of the marine environment by ships."It also serves as a mechanism to prevent piracy."Otto said the satellite system has the capacity to identify and track vessels up to 1,000 nautical miles (1,850 km) from the South African coastline as well as South African-flagged vessels anywhere in the world."This is a revolutionary development in the security of our seas," he said.SAMSA was determined to protect South Africa's seafarers, its coastline and the marine environment, Otto said.