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SAN DIEGO (KGTV) — The back-to-back announcements of promising clinical trial results from Pfizer and Moderna may usher in a new era for vaccine technology.Both companies have candidates that rely on a new kind of vaccine strategy: RNA. Preliminary data show both candidates are more than 90 percent effective.On the surface, the vaccine candidates look like any other you’ve taken. They work by training your body to build up defensive weapons against a virus, like antibodies and T-cells.But instead of training your body by introducing a killed virus or a fragment of a virus, the vaccines from Moderna and Pfizer introduce a set of instructions called messenger RNA enclosed in a little blob of fat.“The key concept of RNA is that they’re messages, and they’re meant as short-term messages,” said Dr. Shane Crotty of the La Jolla Institute for Immunology.Crotty said there are 5,000 to 10,000 messages within a cell at any given time.Once administered, the mRNA in the vaccine instructs some of your cells to make the coronavirus’ signature spike protein. The spike protein on the surface of the coronavirus allows it to infiltrate and hijack cells.Even though the spike protein is just one of about 25 genes the virus has, preliminary results from the clinical trials suggest it is enough material to train the immune system without making the recipient sick.Crotty likened the process of training the immune system to spotting a sedan. If the coronavirus is a car, the spike protein might be the door.“There's no way that car door could turn into a whole car, but it's enough of a piece of a car for your immune system to recognize that car if it saw it again,” he said.Scientists started by sequencing the virus’ DNA from a sick patient, then encoding that genetic sequence into an mRNA instruction molecule that can be read by the manufacturing part of cells.From there, Dr. Crotty said it’s a bit like the messenger app Snapchat.The mRNA gets injected into the body, sending temporary instructions to your cells that last for a while, then disappear. mRNA does not genetically modify cells, he stressed.“They’re around as messages for some period of time and then they go away, and the cells get back to their normal job of reading their own messages instead of reading the messages you’re injecting in the vaccine,” he said.The concept has been around since the 1990s, but there are currently no RNA vaccines on the market for any pathogen, so Dr. Crotty said it’s hard to estimate how long their protective effects will last.Some vaccines offer a lifetime of protection, like the measles vaccine. Others offer decades of protection. The flu vaccine only lasts about six months.Dr. Crotty said the length of protection depends on how fast the virus mutates and how long the immune cells survive in the body.But even if the COVID-19 vaccine turns out to need an annual update, he’s optimistic. The best feature of RNA vaccines is that they can be quickly reprogrammed.Both Moderna and Pfizer are still in their Phase 3 trials, but they expect to finish them by December. Together, they estimate they’ll have enough doses for about 35 million people by the end of this year, primarily for healthcare workers and high-risk individuals. 3250

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) - The man who attacked a teenage Syrian refugee on a San Diego trolley pleaded guilty Monday. Adrian Vergara, 26, was arrested Oct. 22 on an unrelated misdemeanor drug charge. While he was in custody, he was recognized in connection to the ongoing hate crime investigation. The 17-year-old boy was beaten on a Metropolitan Transit System car Oct. 15. Representatives for the Partnership for the Advancement of New Americans (PANA), who spoke on the teen's behalf, told 10News the teen was speaking Arabic while on FaceTime with a friend when a man on the trolley asked him, "Where are you from? Are you Mexican?" RELATED: Teen attacked on trolley in possible hate crime The teen reportedly responded, "No, I am Arab." According to the teen, the man then started punching him and cursing while using racial slurs. The victim left the trolley at the 62nd Street station in Encanto. Vergara pleaded guilty to assault and hate crime charges. As part of the plea deal, Vergara will be sentenced December 5 to five years in prison. 1051

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) — The celebration of something near and dear to many San Diegans' hearts kicks off this week.American Craft Beer Week runs from May 13 - 19, inviting communities of craft brewers across the U.S. to celebrate the craft culture. The week began in 2006, when the Brewers Association wanted to make American Beer Month (traditionally in July) a week-long effort before summer beer season.In San Diego, there's no shortage of enthusiasm for the craft beer industry. The region is home to more than 150 craft beer breweries, from "Beer-amar" (Miramar) to "Hops Highway" (from Oceanside through Escondido), according to the San Diego Brewers Guild.BREW NEWS: Get all your San Diego brewery news on the 10News What's Brewing pageThat means local breweries have plenty of events through the week perfect for enjoying the unofficial holiday:May 13Pizza Party Mondays @ Second Chance Beer Company: Visit the North Park brewery for a pint and free slice of pizza.May 14Throwback movie & sushi night @ Kensington Brewing Company: Enjoy a screening of Forrest Gump with a brew from Kensington Brewing and sushi from Sushi Uno.May 15New beer release @ Eppig Brewing: Visit Eppig Brewing for the introduction of their new Maibock lager, with notes of graham cracker pie crust and toffee, and citrus and stone fruit hops.Maker's Market @North Park Beer Co.: Sip on tasty brews and check out goods from local, small businesses.May 16New beer release @ Pure Project: Be on hand for the release of Pure Project's Searchlight Casting, with notes of Citra, Santiam, and Meridian hops.Waterfront beer run @ Eppig Brewing: Tackle a run along Shelter Island from Eppig Brewing and enjoy off pints when you're finished.May 18Hops, Hash, & Hip-hop Brunch @ North Park Beer Co.: Start your day with some Biggie and brunch, featuring a full menu and beers to pair, mimosas, and the brewery's signature "brew-tails."New beer release @ Thorn Brewing Co.: Brewed in collaboration with Modern Times Brewery, Thorn St. releases Super Kaleidoscope Hazy Triple IPA, featuring notes of mango, pomelo, and tangelo.Summer kickoff party @ Green Flash Brewing Co.: Kick off summer with Green Flash's Passion Fruit Kicker and enjoy music, games, gourmet ice cream treats, and more at the Mira Mesa tasting room.Beer & ceviche pairing @ Societe Brewing Company: Enjoy four takes on ceviche from The Food Seed Food Company paired with Societe brews at this special tasting event.Sculpt night @ 32 North Brewing Co.: Sculpt your very own conquistador under the guidance of artists at I Sculpt U. Materials and tools to sculpt will be provided.May 19FreeMartin @ Barrel Harbor: Enjoy brews at Barrel Harbor to tune supplied by the band FreeMartin and food from Pinsarella Italia.Summer succulent workshop @ Green Flash Brewing Co.: Take part in a hands-on event decorating and learning how to care for your own summer succulent arrangement. 2922

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) — The King family, who launched "Chelsea's Light" after the rape and murder of their daughter Chelsea in 2009, has decided to end the popular "Finish Chelsea's Run" event after eight years.In an interview with 10News from the family's home near Chicago, Chelsea's father, Brent, said they are proud of the impact they have been able to have through "Finish Chelsea's Run," but that it was time to move on from the event."Our family wants to thank everybody that has ever come out to run in our race. It's spectacular. It's beautiful. It brings us a lot of joy. But at the same time, it reminds us how we lost our little girl," King said.Chelsea was a 17-year-old student at Poway High in 2010 when she went for a run at Rancho Bernardo Community Park. A registered sex offender, John Gardner, later pleaded guilty to dragging King into a secluded area near Lake Hodges, raping her, and strangling her to death. He buried the body nearby.Shortly after his arrest, Gardner also admitted to the murder of an Escondido teen, Amber DuBois, who had disappeared a year earlier.The King family began the "Chelsea's Light" Foundation, through which it carried out "Finish Chelsea's Run" and a companion baseball tournament. King says "Chelsea's Light" will continue to exist and raise money. However, he has launched a new nationwide organization called "Protect the Joy."King says he will use the experience he gained helping pass "Chelsea's Law" legislation in several states to protect youth from sex offenders to help build a bigger, stronger organization dedicated to issues of defending children."I've built an organization that mirrors the Sierra Club, or the Surfrider Foundation, or Greenpeace. But instead of protecting the trees, or the coastline, or the whales, I'm going to protect our children," King said.For more information on King's new organization, visit the website: ProtecttheJoy.org. 1952

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) — The Food and Drug Administration has released new guidelines to vaccine makers with added safety measures that experts say will push back the timeline, making the release of a COVID-19 vaccine before the election highly unlikely.The guidelines lay out what it will take for companies to secure a fast-tracked authorization for a vaccine, known as an emergency use authorization or EUA.The new guidelines require vaccine makers to follow the volunteers in their clinical trials for a median of two months after their final dose.It’s an important step to see if anyone has a bad reaction, says Dr. Christian Ramers of Family Health Centers of San Diego.“Some of the safety issues that people like me are concerned about might take months actually to develop,” Dr. Ramers said. “My analysis of this is that it's the FDA standing up and saying, ‘We're going to adhere to our rigorous scientific process.’”The White House had resisted the new guidelines from the FDA for more than two weeks. After their release, President Trump described them as a “political hit job.”“New FDA Rules make it more difficult for them to speed up vaccines for approval before Election Day. Just another political hit job!” the president wrote on Twitter Tuesday night.It’s hard to gauge exactly how the two-month buffer affect the vaccine timeline because clinical trials do not start all at once; volunteers are enrolled on a rolling basis. But Dr. Sydney Wolfe of the consumer group Public Citizen said the drug makers have offered clues.“The companies one-by-one are saying, ‘We can’t get anything in until the end of November or the end of December or the beginning of January,’ and that’s a relief,” he said.In a clinical trial, half of the volunteers get the vaccine and half get a fake drug called a placebo.The updated guidelines require companies to have an estimated effectiveness of at least 50 percent, meaning there are 50 percent fewer cases of infection in the group receiving the vaccine compared to the placebo group.The guidelines also instruct companies to have a plan to continue collecting data in their clinical trial even after they get an EUA and the vaccine hits the market.“The worst thing that could happen here is something meets that minimum bar of 50% efficacy, meaning it works pretty well, but then the bottom just falls out from these clinical trials and we don't get the information we need,” he said.Dr. Ramers was initially skeptical of fast-tracking a vaccine with an EUA rather than waiting for full approval since it’s only been done once before, but he’s supportive of the process under the updated guidelines.“I think that's the best way to balance speed and safety,” he said.Still, experts like Dr. Wolfe think going with an EUA over a full approval could backfire. He points out the new guidelines allow up to half of the people in the clinical trial to be tracked for less than two months after their final dose.“All things aren’t equal [between an EUA and full approval] because you don’t have all the information and B, people know that,” he said.Dr. Wolfe is concerned the public will be reluctant to roll up their sleeves and embrace the vaccine if it just has an emergency authorization. Now that the FDA has made the EUA guidelines more rigorous, he thinks waiting for full approval might take just a few more months.The FDA’s new guidance notes that an Oct. 22 meeting of its Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee will not be to discuss specific vaccine candidates.Trump previously said he would consider overruling the FDA on its vaccine guidelines in hopes of speeding up the process. There is both health and economic pressure for a vaccine to be developed as the coronavirus continues to claim an average of 800 US lives a day, according to Johns Hopkins University data.However, Dr. Wolfe said the possibility of the president overruling the FDA is unlikely to have an impact now because the vaccine developers themselves have indicated they will follow the FDA guidelines.Additional reporting by Justin Boggs 4090