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SAN DIEGO (KGTV) — The back-to-back announcements of promising clinical trial results from Pfizer and Moderna may usher in a new era for vaccine technology.Both companies have candidates that rely on a new kind of vaccine strategy: RNA. Preliminary data show both candidates are more than 90 percent effective.On the surface, the vaccine candidates look like any other you’ve taken. They work by training your body to build up defensive weapons against a virus, like antibodies and T-cells.But instead of training your body by introducing a killed virus or a fragment of a virus, the vaccines from Moderna and Pfizer introduce a set of instructions called messenger RNA enclosed in a little blob of fat.“The key concept of RNA is that they’re messages, and they’re meant as short-term messages,” said Dr. Shane Crotty of the La Jolla Institute for Immunology.Crotty said there are 5,000 to 10,000 messages within a cell at any given time.Once administered, the mRNA in the vaccine instructs some of your cells to make the coronavirus’ signature spike protein. The spike protein on the surface of the coronavirus allows it to infiltrate and hijack cells.Even though the spike protein is just one of about 25 genes the virus has, preliminary results from the clinical trials suggest it is enough material to train the immune system without making the recipient sick.Crotty likened the process of training the immune system to spotting a sedan. If the coronavirus is a car, the spike protein might be the door.“There's no way that car door could turn into a whole car, but it's enough of a piece of a car for your immune system to recognize that car if it saw it again,” he said.Scientists started by sequencing the virus’ DNA from a sick patient, then encoding that genetic sequence into an mRNA instruction molecule that can be read by the manufacturing part of cells.From there, Dr. Crotty said it’s a bit like the messenger app Snapchat.The mRNA gets injected into the body, sending temporary instructions to your cells that last for a while, then disappear. mRNA does not genetically modify cells, he stressed.“They’re around as messages for some period of time and then they go away, and the cells get back to their normal job of reading their own messages instead of reading the messages you’re injecting in the vaccine,” he said.The concept has been around since the 1990s, but there are currently no RNA vaccines on the market for any pathogen, so Dr. Crotty said it’s hard to estimate how long their protective effects will last.Some vaccines offer a lifetime of protection, like the measles vaccine. Others offer decades of protection. The flu vaccine only lasts about six months.Dr. Crotty said the length of protection depends on how fast the virus mutates and how long the immune cells survive in the body.But even if the COVID-19 vaccine turns out to need an annual update, he’s optimistic. The best feature of RNA vaccines is that they can be quickly reprogrammed.Both Moderna and Pfizer are still in their Phase 3 trials, but they expect to finish them by December. Together, they estimate they’ll have enough doses for about 35 million people by the end of this year, primarily for healthcare workers and high-risk individuals. 3250

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) - The Grinch is back yet again to steal Christmas from San Diego.The Old Globe Theatre's production of "Dr. Suess's How the Grinch Stole Christmas!" returns to San Diego for its run from Nov. 4 to Dec. 24. Back for its 20th year, the holiday classic brings Whoville to the Donald and Darlene Shiley Stage in Balboa Park. The Grinch, played by Edward Watts, will embark on a quest to stop Christmas from gracing the town of Whoville, featuring the songs "This Time of Year," "Santa for a Day," and "Fah Who Doraze."RELATED: Holiday family fun around San Diego this seasonBut the action isn't just on the stage.On Sunday, Nov. 12, the show will kick off with the 12th annual tree lighting outside the Globe with a special performance by the cast for free. On Dec. 2, the show plays on the background of Balboa Nights, giving families the chance for a full day of holiday fun.Preview performances will run from Nov. 4 to Nov. 8, with opening night occurring Nov. 9. Tickets begin at for adults and for children 17-years-old and under. Children under three will be admitted to 11 a.m. shows only. Children under two will be admitted for free but must remain in the lap of their parent or guardian.For a full list of shows and to purchase tickets, visit the Old Globe Theatre's website here. If you've never seen The Old Globe's run of The Grinch, here's a little taste: 1428

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) – The Fleet Science Center is offering a program that helps San Diego students navigate their way through any challenges they face while distance learning.Participating students will have to go through a health screening before entering the building at Balboa Park.Once inside, classrooms are transformed into individual hubs. Students each have a workspace where they use their own electronic device to connect to their distance learning classrooms. Educators are there helping with any issues that may come up.Andia Pebdani, the Youth Engagement Manager for the Fleet Science Center, said the idea of the hubs came from families who needed help juggling the work life with schools being closed.“Some families don’t have the option at home, or it’s like, ‘I needed to do this so I can do my job, but I can also make sure my student is on the computer,’” said Pebdani.During breaks, educators work on different science activities with the kids or they get tours of different parts of their museum since their doors are still closed to the public.The cost for this program is 0-0 a week depending on whether you have a membership with the center. Scholarships are also available.The program’s hours are from 9 a.m.-4 p.m.To sign up or for more information go to www.fleetscience.org. 1313

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) -- The EPA has announced several short-term projects to stop cross-border sewage spills in the Tijuana River Valley.For years, the area has been dealing with sewage spills and contaminated waters in the area, forcing the closure of local beaches.Some of the projects announced Wednesday include replacing nearly a mile of old leaking pike, improvement to the pumping systems to divert sewage flow away from the Tijuana River Valley, and replacing collectors that had repeatedly collapsed in the past.One of the grants will divert 10-million gallons of wastewater flow a day.Mayors from costal cities like Imperial Beach and Coronado and Border Patrol officials joined the EPA during their announcement, sharing how the contaminated waters have impacted their communities.As a result of these short-term fixes, Imperial Beach mayor Serge Dedina says the beaches are now open.EPA official say the money for these projects come from 2020 funding. There are long-term projects in the work and will be funded by the 0 million designated from the U.S - Mexico- Canada trade deal. 1101

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) -- The journey has come to an end for hundreds of migrants seeking asylum in the U.S.A large caravan arrived in Tijuana within the last week and have waited until Sunday to cross the border into San Diego.Late Sunday afternoon, members of the caravan plan to turn themselves in to customs agents seeking asylum.Most of the roughly 400 migrants in the caravan are women and children who have been staying in shelters, seeking legal counsel before trying to cross the border.RELATED: Migrant caravan warned asylum may lead to separation from childrenBorder patrol agents released a statement Saturday saying several groups associated with the caravan have been illegally climbing a scrap metal border fence.The statement warned anyone with the caravan to “think before you act.” The Secretary of Homeland Security also said in a statement earlier this week that anyone seeking asylum “may be detained while their claims are adjudicated.”Protesters say the group is taking advantage of U.S. immigration laws. A group called San Diegans for Secure Borders plans to protest at Friendship Park.They say the migrants are unwelcome and that their claims for asylum are false. A protest was held on both sides of the border Sunday morning. Watch video from the protest in the player below:  1321