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BEIJING, Sept. 28 (Xinhua) -- Chinese banks have extended more loans to small firms to ease their financial predicaments as the government tightens monetary supply, a banking regulator said Wednesday.Outstanding loans to small firms grew 26.6 percent year-on-year to hit 9.85 trillion yuan (1.55 trillion U.S. dollars) at the end of July, said Xiao Yuanqi, an official in charge of financial services for small enterprises at the China Banking Regulatory Commission.The growth was 10 percentage points higher than that of the banks' total outstanding loans, Xiao told Xinhua.More than 100 commercial banks have set up special operations to ease small firms' difficulties getting access to bank credit, he noted.The figures came at a time when China is trying to balance the missions of countering inflation and sustaining the growth of small enterprises.The People's Bank of China, or the central bank, has raised the benchmark interest rate three times this year and increased the reserve requirement ratio six times.The measures bit into small, cash-strapped companies, which are already disadvantaged in seeking bank support due to insufficient collateral.Only 15 percent of China's small enterprises could get loans from banks and half of them had to resort to private lenders, according to a report by the National School of Development with Peking University in July.With tighter liquidity and stricter regulatory requirements on capital-adequacy ratios and loan-deposit ratios, banks are more reluctant to lend to small firms, said Ai Min, a retail banking general manager with China Minsheng Banking Corp., Ltd.Besides, the expanding size of lending to small firms may lead to higher risks, said Ai.He suggested banks improve the risk evaluation and collateral system for loans to small firms.

UNITED NATIONS, Sept. 19 (Xinhua) -- Mohammad Hossein Niknam, acting minister of health in international affairs of Iran, said here on Monday that his country is working to prevent and counteract the non-communicable diseases (NCDs), which have had significant effect on the population."NCDs have traditionally been more prevalent in affluent societies," he said. "However, they are increasingly becoming common in many developing countries, and in particular among the less affluent groups. The Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMRO) as others is suffering a heavy burden of NCD diseases and Iran is no exception: the total burden of disease for NCDs is 45 percent for males and 33 percent for females."Niknam's statements came as he addressed the UN General Assembly High-Level Meeting on Prevention and Control of Non- communicable Diseases."This timely high-level event provides us with an ideal platform to share views, information, ideas and experiences, to come up with remedial proposals and to forge effective collaborative partnerships in the implementation of realistic but effective health development programs in common areas of concern pertaining to the non-communicable diseases," Niknam said.He explained that Iran is implementing a series of programs in order to reduce the frequency and impacts of NCDs."As part of these programs I would like to mention prevention and control of common NCDs risk factors, imposition of taxes to curtail unhealthy habits such as tobacco consumption, execution of mass public information and educational campaigns, fostering food industry regulations, screening of blood pressure levels and high glucosemia," he said.Iran has created a Non-Communicable Diseases Risk Factor Surveillance System, according to Niknam. This system, in place since 2004, has conducted six large-scale surveys to gather information helpful to public health."Further, comprehensive cumulative national data has been compiled based on age, sex and location to facilitate effective monitoring and implementation of policies geared towards control and prevention of NCDs," Niknam said.Iran is conducting many other integrated NCD control and prevention programs, such as, to name a few, a Cardiovascular Diseases Control Program for rural areas; a National Cancer Control Program focusing on breast and colorectal cancers; and a Diabetes Control and Prevention Program that targets both rural and urban areas.Niknam ended his statement by noting that Iran has held regional consultations on the NCD issue."I would like to conclude my remarks by mentioning that as a sign of its commitment to promote regional and international cooperation, the Islamic Republic of Iran hosted on 25-26 October 2010 in Tehran the first regional meeting of a series of the regional consultations held by WHO (World Health Organization) on the prevention and control of NCDs," he said. "In our understanding, only through closer and meaningful collaboration at all levels, especially in areas such as legislation, resource mobilization and information and knowledge sharing, we may success in our endeavor to prevent and combat NCDs."

BEIJING, Sept. 25 (Xinhua) -- As China's economy has soared to the second place in the world, the country's scientific strength has also surged -- if only measured by the numbers.Chinese researchers published more than 1.2 million papers from 2006 to 2010 -- second only to the United States but well ahead of Britain, Germany and Japan, according to data recently published by Elsevier, a leading international scientific publisher and data provider. This figure represents a 14 percent increase over the period from 2005 to 2009.The number of published academic papers in science and technology is often seen as a gauge of national scientific prowess.But these impressive numbers mask an uncomfortable fact: most of these papers are of low quality or have little impact. Citation per article (CPA) measures the quality and impact of papers. China's CPA is 1.47, the lowest figure among the top 20 publishing countries, according to Elsevier's Scopus citation database.China's CPA dropped from 1.72 for the period from 2005 to 2009, and is now below emerging countries such as India and Brazil. Among papers lead-authored by Chinese researchers, most citations were by domestic peers and, in many cases, were self-citations."While quantity is an important indicator because it gives a sense of scientific capacity and the overall level of scientific activity in any particular field, citations are the primary indicator of overall scientific impact," said Daniel Calto, Director of SciVal Solutions at Elsevier North America.Calto attributed China's low CPA to a "dilution effect.""When the rise in the number of publications is so rapid, as it has been in China -- increasing quantity does not necessarily imply an overall increase in quality," said Calto.He noted the same pattern in a variety of rapidly emerging research countries such as India, Brazil, and earlier in places like the Republic of Korea."Chinese researchers are too obsessed with SCI (Science Citation Index), churning out too many articles of low quality," said Mu Rongping, Director-General of the Institute of Policy and Management at the Chinese Academy of Sciences, China's major think tank.SCI is one of the databases used by Chinese researchers to look-up their citation performance. The alternative, Scopus, provides a wider coverage worldwide."Chinese researchers from a wide range of areas and institutions are vying for publication, as it is a key criterion for academic appraisal in China, if not the only one. As a result, the growth of quality pales in comparison to that of quantity," said Mu, an expert on China's national science policy and competitiveness.On the other hand, China also falls behind the United States in multidisciplinary research, which is a core engine for scientific advance and research excellence.From 2006 to 2010, China published 1,229,706 papers while the United States churned out 2,082,733. According to a new metric introduced by Elsevier's Spotlight research assessment solution, China generated 885 competencies while the United States had 1,817.In other words, China's total research output is more than half that of the United States, while the number of competencies showing China's strength in multidisciplinary research is less than half that of the United States.Cong Cao, an expert on China's science and technology, put it more bluntly in an article he wrote: "When the paper bubble bursts, which will happen sooner or later, one may find that the real situation of scientific research in China probably is not that rosy."China has been investing heavily in scientific research and technological development in recent years to strengthen its innovative capacity, The proportion of GDP spent on R&D grew from 0.9 percent in 2000 to 1.4 percent in 2007, according to the World Bank.An IMF forecast in 2010 says China now ranks second globally in R&D spending. The IMF calculates China's R&D expenditure at 150 billion U.S. dollars when based on Purchasing Power Parity, a widely used economic concept that attempts to equalize differences in standard of living among countries.By this measure, China surpassed Japan in R&D spending in 2010.Many see China's huge investment in R&D as the momentum behind the country's explosive increase in research papers."Getting published is, in some ways, an improvement over being unable to get published," Mu said. "But the problem is, if the papers continue to be of low quality for a long time, it will be a waste of resources."In China, academic papers play a central role in the academic appraisal system, which is closely related to degrees and job promotions.While acknowledging the importance of academic papers in research, Mu believes a more balanced appraisal system should be adopted. "This is a problem with science management. If we put too much focus on the quantity of research papers, we leave the job of appraisal to journal editors."In China, the avid pursuit of publishing sometimes gives rise to scientific fraud. In the most high-profile case in recent years, two lecturers from central China's Jinggangshan University were sacked in 2010 after a journal that published their work admitted 70 papers they wrote over two years had been falsified."This is one of the worst cases. These unethical people not only deceived people to further their academic reputations, they also led academic research on the wrong path, which is a waste of resources," Mu said.A study done by researchers at Wuhan University in 2010 says more than 100 million U.S. dollars changes hands in China every year for ghost-written academic papers. The market in buying and selling scientific papers has grown five-fold in the past three years.The study says Chinese academics and students often buy and sell scientific papers to swell publication lists and many of the purported authors never write the papers they sign. Some master's or doctoral students are making a living by churning out papers for others. Others mass-produce scientific papers in order to get monetary rewards from their institutions.A 2009 survey by the China Association for Science and Technology (CAST) of 30,078 people doing science-related work shows that nearly one-third of respondents attributed fraud to the current system that evaluates researchers' academic performance largely on the basis of how many papers they write and publish.Despite rampant fraud, China will continue to inject huge money into science. According to the latest national science guideline, which was issued in 2006 by the State Council, the investment in R&D will account for 2.5 percent of GDP in 2020."If China achieves its stated goal of investing 2.5 percent of its GDP in R&D in 2020, and sustains its very fast economic growth over the next decade, it would quite likely pass the U.S. in terms of total R&D investment sometime in the late 2010s," said Calto, adding that it is also quite likely that at some point China will churn out more papers than the United States.According to Calto, China does mostly applied research, which helps drive manufacturing and economic growth, while basic research only accounts for 6 percent, compared with about 35 percent in Germany, Britain, and the United States, and 16 percent in Japan."In the long term, in order to really achieve dominance in any scientific area, I think it will be necessary to put significant financial resources into fundamental basic research -- these are the theoretical areas that can drive the highest level of innovation," Calto said.

BEIJING, Aug. 30 (Xinhua) -- China's second moon orbiter, the Chang'e-2, has arrived in outer space about 1.5 million km away from Earth and is now orbiting the second Lagrange Point (L2), where gravity from the sun and Earth balances the orbital motion of a satellite, Chinese scientists said Tuesday.Chang'e-2 entered L2's orbit at 11:27 p.m. last Thursday after spending 77 days traveling away from its previous orbital path around the moon, according to the State Administration of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defence (SASTIND).The SASTIND said that China is now the world's third country or organization to successfully put a spacecraft into orbit around L2, after the European Space Agency (ESA) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) of the United States.The Chang'e-2 orbiter will carry out exploration activities around L2 in the coming year, SASTIND said.There are five so-called "Lagrange Points" about 1.5 million km way from the Earth in the exact opposite direction from the sun. Putting a spacecraft at any of these points allows it to stay in a fixed position relative to the Earth and sun with a minimal amount of energy needed for course correction.The orbiter completed all of its assigned tasks after blasting off on Oct. 1, 2010, according to the SASTIND. Although the orbiter was only supposed to remain in space for six months, the SASTIND decided to assign additional tasks to it, as it still had fuel in its reserve tanks.Traveling into outer space from the moon's orbit was one of the orbiter's most important missions, according to the SASTIND.Before arriving at its current position in outer space, the Chang'e-2 took photos of the northern and southern poles of the moon. It then descended to a lower orbit, approximately 15 km away from the moon's surface, where it captured high-resolution images of the Sinus Iridum, or "Bay of Rainbows," an area where future moon probes may land.The SASTIND is reportedly planning to launch measure and control stations into outer space by the end of the second half of next year. The Chang'e-2 will be used to test the two stations' functionality at that time.China's ambitious three-stage moon mission will include a moon landing, as well as the launch of a moon rover during the second stage, which is scheduled to take place in 2012. During the third phase, another rover will land on the moon and return to Earth with lunar soil and stone samples for scientific research around 2017.China does not currently have a timetable in place for a manned moon landing. It launched its first lunar probe, the Chang'e-1, in October 2007.In 2003, China became the third country after Russia and the United States to send a human into space. Two more manned space missions followed, the most recent of which took place in 2008.0 The Chang'e probes are named after the Chinese legendary goddess of the moon.

PARIS, Aug. 7 (Xinhua) -- European heavy-lift launcher Ariane 5 lifted off two communication satellites on Saturday.The Ariane 5, carrying Astra 1N and BSAT-3c/JCSAT-110R, was launched at 2252 GMT on Saturday from Kourou launch centre in French Guiana, according to live broadcast of the launching process.This was the fourth mission of Ariane 5 in 2011 and its 203th flight that sent off the two satellites Saturday night to their respective geostationary transfer orbits.Astra 1N, to be separated first, is built by EADS Astrium in Toulouse, France, for the Luxembourg-based operator SES Astra. With a designed lifespan of 15 years, it has an estimated liftoff mass of 5,350 kg and is fitted with 52 active Ku-band transponders.It is initially to deliver interim capacity from an orbital position of 28.2 degree East, and will subsequently move to SES Astra's prime location at 19.2 degree East for primary and backup services.BSAT-3c/JCSAT-110R is manufactured by Lockheed Martin Commercial Space Systems in Newtown, Pennsylvania, for Japanese operators B-SAT Corporation and SKY Perfect JSAT Corporation. This satellite weighs approximately 2,910 kg at launch time. It is to be positioned at 110 degree East longitude in geostationary orbit with a lifetime exceeding 16 years.This Ariane 5 flight has been postponed twice, firstly due to some technical problem in early July and then delayed by bad weather.Arianespace plans to achieve six Ariane 5 missions through this year.

来源：资阳报