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New research may be hard for some dog owners to accept; the study found that dogs do not understand every word a human says to them.The researchers say dogs cannot hear subtle differences between words the way humans can. For example, the difference between “dog” and “dig” sounds different to human ears, but not so different to dog ears.The researchers came to their conclusion after measuring brain activity of family dogs by taping electrodes to the animals’ heads. They then played recordings of instruction words they knew, like “sit,” then similar-sounding nonsense words, like “sut,” and finally an unrelated nonsense word or sound, like “bep.”The dogs in the study, who were not trained ahead of the study, could quickly tell the difference between the instruction words and the unrelated nonsense words."The brain activity is different when they listen to the instructions, which they know, and to the very different nonsense words, which means that dogs recognize these words," lead study author and postdoctoral researcher at E?tv?s Loránd University in Budapest, Lilla Magyari told CNN.So, the good news is, yes, dogs are listening to human words and understanding some.However, brain activity showed a similar reaction in the dogs between the instruction word and the similar nonsense word.Dogs are renowned for their auditory capacity and ability to hear words and sounds, however the results show they may not be able to distinguish between subtle speech sound differences.Magyari says more research is needed to understand why this is."They may just not realize that all details, the speech sounds, are really important in human speech. If you think of a normal dog: That dog is able to learn only a few instructions in its life," she told CNN.The study was published this week in the Royal Society Open Science journal. 1845

New York Democratic congressional nominee Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez will win her general election race easily and become the youngest woman ever in Congress, CNN has projected.Having turned 29 last month, Ocasio-Cortez will inch out the previous holder of the distinction, New York Democratic Rep. Elise Stefanik, who was elected to Congress at age 30.Ocasio-Cortez defeated New York Democratic Rep. Joe Crowley in the primary election earlier this year. The victory was considered a stunner and helped make Ocasio-Cortez a national political figure.Crowley was the No. 4 Democrat in the House and seen as a potential speaker one day. His loss effectively handed the seat to Ocasio-Cortez, a Latina who has become a key left-wing voice.Ocasio-Cortez ran unabashedly to Crowley's left in the New York City district and previously worked as an organizer on Vermont independent Sen. Bernie Sanders' presidential campaign. She is the daughter of Puerto Rican parents and a member of the Democratic Socialists of America.The-CNN-Wire 1035

NEW YORK (AP) — People are more likely to return a lost wallet if it contains money — and the more cash, the better.That's the surprising conclusion from researchers who planted more than 17,000 "lost wallets" across 355 cities in 40 countries, and kept track of how often somebody contacted the supposed owners.The presence of money — the equivalent of about in local currency — boosted this response rate to about 51%, versus 40% for wallets with no cash. That trend showed up in virtually every nation, although the actual numbers varied.Researchers raised the stakes in the U.S., the United Kingdom and Poland. The response jumped to 72% for wallets containing the equivalent of about , versus 61% for those containing . If no money was enclosed, the rate was 46%.How can this be?"The evidence suggests that people tend to care about the welfare of others, and they have an aversion to seeing themselves as a thief," said Alain Cohn of the University of Michigan, one author who reported the results Thursday in the journal Science.Another author, Christian Zuend of the University of Zurich, said "it suddenly feels like stealing" when there's money in the wallet. "And it feels even more like stealing when the money in the wallet increases," he added. That idea was supported by the results of polls the researchers did in the U.S., the U.K. and Poland, he told reporters.The wallets in the study were actually transparent business card cases, chosen so that people could see money inside without opening them. A team of 13 research assistants posed as people who had just found the cases and turned them in at banks, theaters, museums or other cultural establishments, post offices, hotels and police stations or other public offices. The key question was whether the employee receiving each case would contact its supposed owner, whose name and email address were displayed on three identical business cards within.The business cards were crafted to make the supposed owner appear to be a local person, as was a grocery list that was also enclosed. Some cases also contained a key, and they were more likely to get a response than cases without a key. That led the researchers to conclude that concern for others was playing a role, since — unlike money — a key is valuable to its owner but not a stranger.The effect of enclosed money appeared in 38 of the 40 countries, with Mexico and Peru the exceptions. Nations varied widely in how often the wallet's "owner" was contacted. In Switzerland the rate was 74% for wallets without money and 79% with it, while in China the rates were 7% and 22%. The U.S. figures were 39% and 57%.The study measured how employees act when presented with a wallet at their workplaces. But would those same people act differently if they found a wallet on a sidewalk?"We don't know," said Michel Marechal, an author from the University of Zurich. But he said other analyses suggest the new results reflect people's overall degree of honesty.Shaul Shalvi of the University of Amsterdam, who wrote a commentary that accompanied the study, told The Associated Press that he suspected the study does shed light on how people would act with a wallet found on the street.He said the results "support the idea that people care about others as well as caring about being honest."Robert Feldman, psychology professor at the University of Massachusetts Amherst who didn't participate in the work, said he suspected the experiment might have turned out differently if involved "everyday people" rather than employees acting in an official capacity.But Feldman called the study impressive and said it seems like "a very real result."Dan Ariely, a psychology professor at Duke University who didn't participate in the research, said the conclusions fit with research that indicates keeping a larger amount of money would be harder for a person to rationalize."It very much fits with the way social scientists think about dishonesty," he said. 3987

Nearly ever child age 5-14 in the United States participates in a Halloween trick-or-treat event.That's according to the latest U.S. Census data that shows an estimated 41.1 million children in that age group seek treats on beggar's night.History shows Halloween dates back 2,000 years to the Gaelic holiday Samhain. It's an ancient tradition associated with images of witches, ghosts and vampires. But today the October holiday involves more child-friendly activities, including pumpkin carving, corn mazes and costumes.Other Halloween facts from the U.S. Census bureau:? There are 118.8 million occupied housing units as of the first quarter of 2017 — all potential stops for trick-or-treaters.? There were 66.6 million housing units where trick-or-treaters had to climb steps in 2015.? 77.7 percent of U.S. households agreed their neighbors could be trusted in 2013.? In 2015, the latest data available, the number of people employed by U.S. manufacturers that produced chocolate and cocoa products was 39,815.The Census Bureau says the most likely occupations people dress up as for Halloween include: 1118

New York City is painting the town…white! But the paint isn’t for aesthetics. The city is coating rooftops in order to reduce the internal temperature of a building by 30 percent."Painting a rooftop reflects the sun's radiant energy on the building,” explains Gregg Bishop, commissioner with NYC Small Business Services.Bishop says this reduces air conditioning costs.The initiative is called Cool Roofs. Officials say the initiative is helping to reduce the impact New York has on the climate, while lowering energy costs."Here in the city, we're facing temperatures that can be up to 22 degrees hotter than surrounding rural and suburban areas," says Jainey Bavishi, with the Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency.Since the program launched, they've covered 9 million square feet of rooftops.A similar initiative launched recently in Los Angeles, where they're testing reflective streets. The trend is growing. Academic research shows reflective surfaces do make a difference."What some of my own work has found out is that cool roofs are actually very effective at decreasing, for example, summertime temperatures, on the order of 1 to 3 degrees which is quite significant," explains Dr. Matei Georgescu, with the Global Institute of Sustainability at Arizona State University.While there are definitely benefits to making surfaces like this rooftop reflective, researchers say there may be some downsides as well."If you deploy highly reflective roofs, you're now assuming high reflectivity during the entire winter,” says Dr. Georgescu. “In other words, you're making things a lot colder than normally they would have been.”Dr. Georgescu studies reflective surfaces and says it could mean higher heating costs in the winter."We don't wanna give back 50 percent of these benefits during the winter."He says a possible solution might be reflective covers that would be removable during cold months.The city says any higher heating bills in the winter have been negligible. For now, officials have no plans to cool down the Cool Roofs program. 2067