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NANJING, April 23 (Xinhua) -- At a time when almost every commodity in China is getting more expensive, the dwindling cost of medicine is a rarity.Zhang Jinkui, a hypertension patient, buys medicines from the community health center of his neighborhood in Changzhou, a city in east China's coastal Jiangsu Province.His prescription list includes Aspirin Enteric-coated tablets, down to 1.4 yuan from 4.7 yuan (0.7 U.S. dollars) per unit, and Fosinopril Sodium Tablets, down to 41.39 yuan from 51.6 yuan per unit.Both drugs are found on the essential drug list unveiled in 2009. The list names the 307 most common western and traditional Chinese medicines, which are heavily subsidized so hospitals can sell them at cost price.A consumer buys medicines with the help of a retailer at a pharmacy in Lianyungang, east China's Jiangsu Province, March 28, 2011.All essential medicines are listed by their generic names, and drug producers compete to supply essential medicines through public procurement.Due to a long history of low government funding for state-run hospitals, which often covers only 10 percent of the hospitals' operating costs, doctors have generated income for hospitals by aggressively prescribing expensive, and sometimes unnecessary, medicines and treatments.The essential medicine system and the reform of publicly funded hospitals, two pillars of China's health reform, are designed to address high medical costs and low accessibility of medical services.In April 2009, China kicked off health reforms aimed at correcting these long-standing problems facing China's health system and easing public grievances.Two years later, the essential medicine system has reduced drug prices, but still fails to please hospitals, patients and drug producers.The system requires government-funded grassroots health clinics, including urban community health centers and rural clinics, to prescribe only essential medicines and to sell these medicines at cost price, rather than with the previous 15 percent mark-up.Such policies have brought hard times to grassroots health clinics, especially in cash-strapped areas.Song Wenzhi, a public health professor at Peking University, said "Grassroots health clinics, without the expertise to perform operations and other treatments, rely heavily on selling drug," adding that these hospitals have found themselves scraping by due to the zero percent mark-up policy.Wang Zhiying, Vice Director of the People's Hospital of Anxiang County in the city of Changde, Hunan Province, said four grassroots hospitals in Changde tested the essential medicine system as pilot projects, but the zero percent mark-up policy took away 60 to 70 percent of the hospitals' revenue.Wang was quoted by "Health News," a newspaper run by China's Ministry of Health, as saying that, due to financial difficulties, the county government had not yet channeled the 8 million yuan (1.2 million U.S.dollars) in support funds into the hospitals' accounts, resulting in the resignations of many doctors.The essential medicine system covers 60 percent of government-funded grassroots hospitals and drug prices have fallen by an average of 30 percent, said Sun Zhigang, Director of the Health Reform Office under the State Council, or China's Cabinet.According to the health reform plan for 2011, the essential medicine system will cover all government-sponsored health institutions at the grassroots level by the end of the year and drugs will be sold there at a zero percent mark-up.Song Wenzhi said the key will be the commitment of local governments to health reform and their financial input. This way, essential medicines can benefit the public without bankrupting grassroots health institutions."That would be a great sum of money." said Song, citing his own studies. "There are roughly 5,000 government-funded hospitals in China. One third of them make profits, one third barely break even, and still one third rely heavily on government subsidies."To maintain the poorest hospitals, central and local level governments would need to invest 15 billion yuan (2.3 billion U.S. dollars) each year, according to Song's estimate.

BERLIN, May 26 (Xinhua) -- German health officials said Thursday that cucumbers imported from Spain was one source of a recent deadly E. coli outbreak in northern states that killed three people and made hundreds sick.The Hamburg Institute for Hygiene and the Environment (HU) found that four cucumbers in a local market were contaminated by Enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), and three of them were imported from two separate Spanish suppliers, Hamburg state health authorities said.The origin of the fourth cucumber was still under investigation, officials added.German supermarkets began to pull Spanish cucumbers off shelves Thursday afternoon following the findings in Hamburg. The food- monitoring agencies in the northern states were launching investigations on vegetable markets, the federal agriculture ministry said in a statement.Figures showed that Spain is Germany's second largest supplier of cucumbers within the European Union, accounting for some 40 percent of the country's cucumber imports.Scientists said that EHEC is a virulent strain of gut bacterium that can cause severe stomach upsets, diarrhea, stroke and coma. It would lead to kidney failure in extreme cases.Germany saw a terrible E. coli outbreak two weeks ago, starting from the northern states like Hamburg and then spreading to eastern and southern regions. German health authorities said that at least three people have died from infections, and more than 200 have been diagnosed with hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS), which is caused by EHEC.Germany's national disease centre, the Robert Koch Institute, suggest people avoid eating raw tomatoes, cucumbers and lettuce for a while.

WASHINGTON, April 4 (Xinhua) -- Scientists have identified a gene that appears to play a role in regulating how much alcohol people drink, in a study of over 47,000 people published Monday in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.The researchers say that finding a common genetic variation influencing levels of alcohol consumption may lead to a better understanding of mechanisms underlying alcohol drinking behavior in the general population.The gene, called "autism susceptibility candidate 2", or AUTS2, has previously been linked to autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, but its function is not known.The new study, by an international consortium led by scientists at Imperial College London and King's College London, found that there are two versions of the AUTS2 gene, one three times more common than the other. People with the less common version drink on average five percent less alcohol than people with the more common version.The gene is most active in parts of the brain associated with neuropsychological reward mechanisms, suggesting that it might play a part in regulating the positive reinforcement that people feel when they drink alcohol.Alcohol consumption is known to be partly determined by genes but until now the only gene known to make a notable contribution was the gene encoding alcohol dehydrogenase, an enzyme that breaks down alcohol in the liver.Professor Paul Elliott, from the School of Public Health at Imperial College London, said: "Of course there are a lot of factors that affect how much alcohol a person drinks, but we know from twin studies that genes play an important role. The difference that this particular gene makes is only small, but by finding it we've opened up a new area of research into the biological mechanisms that control drinking."

BEIJING, Feb. 2 (Xinhua) -- From dumplings in the north and rice cakes in the south, people across China Wednesday overloaded their tables with holiday foods, cheering for the Spring Festival family reunion and praying for a better life in the coming Year of Rabbit.In a remote village in Guizhou Province, villagers were sharing millet cakes and preserved pork as sunshine dispelled cold and sleet, which have plagued China's southwest for a month."This year's Spring Festival is especially cheerful, since our dream of a new home has come true," said villager Zhang Jiuyun.Zhang's home was severely damaged in the snow and sleet disaster, but with the help of local villagers and funds from the government, Zhang built a larger house without spending much money.The Spring Festival is also an important occasion for migrant workers to enjoy family reunions after toiling for higher incomes in wealthy coastal provinces for a year."I've brought back red wine and cookies imported from Italy as gifts for my parents," said Ding Zhenghe, a Shenzhen-based factory owner who has worked his way up from a migrant worker.But Ding said, after years in the modern city, he still yearns for the the food cooked by his mother in the rural home.The Spring Festival, which falls on Thursday, also marks the start of the Year of the Rabbit. It is a time for family dinners, gift giving and fireworks.Nangkun Tashi, a villager in the earthquake-hit Yushu, northwest China's Qinghai Province, celebrated the first Lunar New Year after the disaster with traditional Tibetan food, such as mutton and butter tea.A 7.1-magnitude earthquake jolted Yushu in April 2010, killing about 2,200 people and leaving Tashi's village in ruins.Tashi's family narrowly survived the quake, and have recently moved into a new home, which was provided by the local government two months before.In Zhouqu County, Gansu Province, 990 tons of grains have been delivered to the 473 survivors, who now lived in temporary housing after a massive landslide leveled the county, leaving over 1,500 people dead in August."We are able to hold a celebration, even though we've lost everything in the landslide," said local resident Yao Shelin."We've received flour, cooking oil, and even the wok is a donation," said Yao.

BEIJING, April 14 (Xinhuanet) -- The discovery of a sharp-toothed dinosaur fossil in New Mexico, the United States, may bridge a gap in the evolution of the species, researchers said in Wednesday's journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B.Researchers from the Smithsonian Institution unearthed the dinosaur skull and neck vertebrae in Abiquiu, New Mexico, where it had remained buried for around 230 million years. The short snout and slanting front teeth of the find — Daemonosaurus chauliodus — had never before been seen in a Triassic era dinosaur, said Hans-Dieter Sues of the Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History.Sues, curator of vertebrate paleontology at the museum, said the discovery helps fill the evolutionary gap between the dinosaurs that lived in what is now Argentina and Brazil about 230 million years ago and the later theropods like the famous Tyrannosaurus rex."Various features of the skull and neck in Daemonosaurus indicate that it was intermediate between the earliest known predatory dinosaurs from South America and more advanced theropod dinosaurs," said Sues."One such feature is the presence of cavities on some of the neck vertebrae related to the structure of the respiratory system," he added.The discovery suggests that there is still much to be learned about the early evolution of dinosaurs."The continued exploration of even well-studied regions like the American Southwest will still yield remarkable new fossil finds," Sues said.