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Being home more during the pandemic, and with less traffic on the roads from stay-at-home orders, many people have heard more bird calls and the sounds of nature in urban areas. Scientists now say at least one bird species has been able to adjust their bird song because of the lack of human noise to compete with.Researchers have been studying the white-crowned sparrows in and around San Francisco for more than two decades. They compare their songs in recent years with recordings made in the 1970s.They found as traffic levels increased over the decades, the lowest frequencies of the sparrows’ song rose. This allowed their song to be heard above the low hum of vehicles. The top frequencies remained the same, so the total frequency bandwidth of their communication was narrowed.Degrading their songs this way, and limiting their range, makes them less effective at deterring rivals, attracting mates, or hearing their own chicks, according to researchers. In noisy environments, birds have to sing louder, which research has shown can result in stress and can speed up a bird’s aging and disrupt their metabolisms.When stay-at-home orders and coronavirus pandemic safety measures were put in place in March, the lead researcher, Elizabeth Derryberry, remembers seeing an image of the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco completely empty of cars or humans. She wondered how the sparrows were responding.They compared audio recordings of the bird songs from spring 2015 and 2016, to those taken this spring. The recordings were made in a variety of urban and rural locations around the greater San Francisco area.“We found that birds sung at lower minimum frequencies, achieving greater bandwidth songs in newly open acoustic space. An increase in frequency bandwidth results in the transmission of more information and greater vocal performance,” the study states.The samples taken in 2020 revealed the white-crowned sparrows had changed their tune, so-to-speak, and were singing softer and using a wider range of frequencies. They also were able to communicate twice as far as previous recordings.“This doubling in communication distance could elevate fitness by reducing territorial conflicts and increasing mating potential,” researchers stated.Researchers also say this explains why more people report hearing birds during the pandemic. Since the songs are traveling farther distances, humans are able to hear more of them.They also say the changes in the birds’ songs were more pronounced in urban areas compared to the rural location samples. This would make sense, they say, because the traffic noise did not change as drastically in the rural locations during the pandemic.“Our findings indicate that songbirds like white-crowned sparrows have a striking capacity to exploit newly empty soundscapes following acute but ephemeral amelioration of noise pollution, suggesting that lasting remediation might engender even more promising outcomes, such as demographic recovery and higher species diversity in urban areas,” they concluded. 3055

Becoming a U.S. citizen is a goal people from around the world dream of achieving. Taking the “oath of allegiance” marks a new beginning for new citizens, but it also marks the end of another chapter that requires time and hard work.When a person decides to become a U.S. citizen, the first step in the process is making sure they’re eligible. Only adults who have been permanent residents for at least three years and who can pass an English and civics test are eligible to move on. There are very few exceptions.Step two is actually applying for citizenship, and that means paperwork, documents and fees.The government asks for detailed personal information about the applicant, including where they’ve lived, worked and gone to school. It also asks about spouses, children and parents. But the questions on this 20-page application go much deeper, with sections about military service, criminal history and ties to terrorist organizations and other violent groups.It costs 0 to file the application. Plus, another is required to submit biometric information including photos, fingerprints and a signature. From there, the FBI conducts a background check and refers those who pass to an interview with immigration officers. That's when the hopeful citizen will also take an English and civics test.In most cases, a decision letter comes in the mail shortly after.For some who are denied citizenship, there’s an appeals process. But for those whose letters say “granted,” there’s just one step left: the naturalization ceremony. 1544

Breaking: Giannis Antetokounmpo says he is signing a contract extension with the Milwaukee Bucks. The two-time MVP will sign a five-year, 8.2 million supermax extension with the franchise, the largest deal in NBA history, sources tell @TheAthleticNBA @Stadium.— Shams Charania (@ShamsCharania) December 15, 2020 328

BEND, Ore. -- It’s a crisp September morning. A good time to go for a hike. For 21-year-old Isaac Shannon, that means strapping into the AdvenChair.“I’m in a wheelchair because I have a mitochondrial disease, which is a progressive genetic disorder that affects pretty much everything in my body and makes me extremely tired and fatigued easily,” Shannon said.For the majority of his life, Shannon hasn’t been able to go on hikes. This is now his fourth time using the AdvenChair.“It’s rejuvenating to be outside, especially as a person with a disability because these resources are not exactly the most accessible,” Shannon said. “So when there is a tool that allows a person to be able to experience life in the most average way possible, I think it’s healing, and it’s nice to be out in nature where you’re not around people.”The AdvenChair is an adaptive, human-powered wheelchair designed to help people with physical disabilities get outside. Jack Arnold is the engineer who helped develop the chair.“It’s an all-terrain wheelchair. With a small team of people, you can go backpacking,” Arnold said.One person pushes from behind, and another – adequately referred to as a mule -- pulls from the front. Up to five people can help remove the chair with nylon straps and carabiners on more challenging trails.“There are so many people with physical challenges out there in the world,” Arnold said. “We take it for granted; we can get up and go for a hike. And everybody with physical challenges, they don’t want to be stuck indoors either. They want to get out.”The man who inspired and created the idea of the AdvenChair, Geoff Babb, was supposed to be on the trail with us, but a medical emergency rushed him to the hospital instead. Geoff is no stranger to the hospital. This visit is due to a complication with a pump in his abdomen that helps control muscle spasms. But as he puts it, it’s not his first rodeo.“I had my first stroke on November 10th, 2005,” Geoff said.Twelve years later, on the same date, Geoff had a second stroke. Now he lives with quadriparesis, which means he experiences weakness in all four limbs. His favorite medicine is nature.“For me, to start to heal, I had to be in my place of comfort and strength, which was being outside,” Geoff said.Outside is where he met his wife, Yvonne.“I mean, we weren’t born outside, but we’re just outdoorsy people,” Yvonne said with a laugh.Both worked as plant resource specialists. Geoff used to be a fire incident commander. As his primary caretaker, Yvonne’s life has been influenced by the AdvenChair as much as Geoff’s has.“To me, it’s a safe way to go out to the woods with Jeff and continue our life in an adventurous way,” Yvonne said.They can go on trips to the beach, or in the snow and trek through somewhat tricky trails.“Takes five or six people we’re like ‘ohhh we can do this,’” Yvonne said.Yvonne says Geoff is the most driven person she’s ever known. Geoff says his motivation is his desire to contribute to the world positively.“I have a purpose when I get up, and that purpose is to help people experience wild places eventually,” Geoff said.It’s a goal he’s already achieved on a small scale with other friends in Oregon.“I think this is one of the coolest things that I’ve gotten to experience in my life because I’ve been able to hike again without feeling tired or having any pain,” Shannon said.Geoff hopes to continue his legacy allowing more people to hike outside.“I want to be able to see other people in his chair… on the Camino, or climbing the Great Wall of China,” Yvonne said.No matter what life throws at him, Geoff says he will continue rolling boldly off the beaten path. 3684

Bill Lee, a businessman from Franklin, has won the Republican primary for Tennessee Governor.Lee defeated three other GOP front-runners in a crowded primary field for the nomination, including Rep. Diane Black. Black had the endorsement of Vice President Mike Pence and was widely seen as President Trump's first choice for the nominee.Lee will face former Nashville Mayor Karl Dean in the general election in November. The two will vie to succeed popular Republican Governor Bill Haslam, who’s hitting term limits.Lee is a cattle farmer and chairman of a mechanical contracting, facilities, and home services company.The Republicans' focus on conservative credentials and loyalty to President Donald Trump, including tough talk on immigration, incited in-fighting among some of the candidates about who's not as conservative as they claimed during their campaigns.Each of the four Republican candidates added millions of dollars in personal wealth to their campaigns, amounting to a record-setting total of about million.Karl Dean was elected Nashville Mayor in 2007 then re-elected in 2011.He took a commanding lead early in the night with nearly 80 percent of the vote and saw an even bigger share in Davidson County where he approached 90 percent of the vote.He was one of two well-known names on the Democratic ticket for Governor. Craig Fitzhugh, House Minority leader, was first elected into the state House of Representatives in 1994 and he's has served in the legislature ever since.The third name on the ballot Mezianne Vale Payne.     1612