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Scientists are exploring mysterious “blue holes” that form at the bottom of the ocean off Florida’s Gulf Coast.The blue holes are underwater sinkholes that vary in size, similar to sinkholes you can see on land, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. They are diverse biological communities full of marine life, like corals, sponges, mollusks, sea turtles, sharks, and more.“Underwater sink holes, springs, and caverns are karst (calcium carbonate rock) features that are scattered across Florida’s Gulf continental shelf,” said NOAA.NOAA says little is known about blue holes due to their lack of accessibility and unknown distribution and abundance. Openings can be several hundred feet underwater and many openings are pretty small.“In fact, the first reports of blue holes did not come from scientists or researchers, but actually came from fishermen and recreational divers,” wrote NOAA.Last year, a team of scientists explored one blue hole, called “Amberjack Hole,” about 30 miles off Sarasota’s shoreline. NOAA says the exploration of the hole was the team’s most detailed blue hole investigation to date. Divers and a “benthic lander” were deployed to the bottom, 350 feet down.NOAA says the team collected 17 water samples from just outside the hole down to the bottom and collected four sediment cores at the bottom. They also discovered two dead but intact smalltooth sawfish, an endangered species, at the bottom of the hole. One of the animals was recovered to undergo a necropsy.But next month, crews plan to explore an even bigger hole, called “Green Banana.”The rim of the “Green Banana” is 155 feet below the sea surface and the bottom is at a depth of approximately 425 feet, according to NOAA.“The configuration of the hole is somewhat hourglass shaped, creating new challenges for the lander deployment and water sampling,” said NOAA.From these missions, scientists are hoping to learn the following:Whether the submersed sinkholes are connected to Florida’s groundwater or if there is groundwater intrusion into the Gulf of MexicoIf a particular blue hole is secreting nutrients and thus affecting an area’s primary productionWhether microenvironments harbor unique or new species of microbesIf the Amberjack site should become a protected area 2301

SANTA CLARA, Calif. — The health officers in six San Francisco Bay Area counties are not waiting to reach a threshold recommended by the governor, and have issued a new stay-at-home order to take effect on Sunday. The changes, announced Friday, will last through Jan. 4. The counties have not yet reached Gov. Gavin Newsom’s threshold that requires a stay-at-home order when 85% of ICU beds at regional hospitals are full. But the health officers said the hospital system will be overwhelmed before the end of December, when Newsom’s order would apply to the Bay Area. "The dark COVID winter that we feared would come has arrived in the Bay Area," said Dr. Chris Farnitano, Contra Costa County health officer according to KGO. "I and other county health officers in the Bay Area don't think we can wait for the state's new restrictions to go into effect later this month. We must act swiftly to save as many lives as we can. This is an emergency."Restaurants, bars and wineries, and hair and nail salons will have to close, along with playgrounds. Restaurants would be able to do delivery or takeout. Retail stores can stay open, however they must lower capacity to 20%. Schools that have already received a waiver to reopen can stay open next week. All "critical infrastructure" can also remain open. Gatherings of any size are banned.The six counties include some of the most populous areas of the state, including Alameda County, Contra Costa County, San Francisco County and Santa Clara County. 1507

SELMA, Ala. (AP) — The late U.S. Rep. John Lewis crossed Selma’s Edmund Pettus Bridge for the final time Sunday as remembrances continue for the civil rights icon.A processional with Lewis’ casket was carried across the Selma bridge where he and other civil rights marchers were beaten 55 years ago on “Bloody Sunday,” a key event in the fight for voting rights for African Americans.Lewis will lie in repose at the Alabama Capitol on Sunday afternoon.He will lie in state at the U.S. Capitol next week before his private funeral Thursday at Atlanta’s historic Ebenezer Baptist Church, which the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. once led. 641

SAN FRANCISCO (AP) — The sidewalks surrounding Ahmed Al Barak's corner market in one of San Francisco's roughest neighborhoods are filled with cardboard, used syringes and homeless people who have nowhere safe to go at night.But Al Barak says it's an improvement from a year ago, before the city posted a portable toilet across the street from his business in the city's Tenderloin district.He no longer regularly sees people relieve themselves in broad daylight, and he does not see as much feces and urine on the streets. In his opinion, it's the one bright spot in a city where taxes are too high."We used to have a disaster here. I used to call the city all the time to come and clean, because they don't know where to go," he said, recalling one woman in particular who shrugged at him in a "what can you do?" gesture as she squatted to pee.San Francisco started its "Pit Stop" program in July 2014 with public toilets in the city's homeless-heavy Tenderloin, after children complained of dodging human waste on their way to school. Today, the staffed bathrooms have grown from three to 25 locations, and the program has expanded to Los Angeles. In May, the toilets in San Francisco recorded nearly 50,000 flushes, all logged by attendants.The condition of San Francisco's streets has been a source of embarrassment to city leaders, and cleaning up is not cheap. The city received nearly 27,000 requests for feces removal in the most recent fiscal year, although not all are human.Mayor London Breed last year announced the formation of a special six-person "poop patrol" team where each cleaner earns more than ,000 a year.Advocates say steam cleaning requests have dropped in areas surrounding some of the public toilets. The mayor signed a budget Thursday that includes more than million for the Pit Stop toilets this year, up from million last fiscal year. San Francisco will add seven new bathrooms in a city where a one-night count of homeless people grew 17% in the past two years.The toilets each cost an average of 0,000 a year to operate, with most of the money going to staffing and overhead.Some of the bathrooms are permanent fixtures, while others are portables with two toilets that are trucked in and out. The stops have receptacles for used syringes and dog waste. Attendants who are paid the city's minimum wage of an hour check after every use and knock on doors to make sure people are not doing drugs or other illicit activity. The bathrooms must shine or they do not open.The staffing is what makes a toilet a Pit Stop, and the work is usually done by men coming out of prison after decades behind bars.The "practitioners" stand guard at some of society's bleakest intersections of poverty, addiction and mental illness, says Lena Miller, founder of nonprofit Hunters Point Family and its spinoff, Urban Alchemy, which staffs the Pit Stops in San Francisco and Los Angeles. They prevent overdoses, break up fights and greet regulars, she says."Really what we're doing is we're creating this space where people know that they can walk into it, and it's going to smell good. It's going to look good," Miller said. "There won't be trash everywhere, and they're safe. And I think that makes all the difference in the world."Nelson Butler was a 19-year-old Los Angeles gangster when he went to prison for 30 years for killing a person. Butler was released last year from San Quentin State Prison, scared and apprehensive and in need of a job. He went to work at a Pit Stop.Technically, his job was to prevent drug use in the bathrooms and make sure homeless people didn't set up camp."The reality is I'm a security guard. I was a babysitter, I was a social worker, I was a counselor. I did a lot of things that was not necessarily in the scope of my job description, but this is my community," Butler said. "So my thought was, if I saw somebody that needed help, that's why I'm there — to help."Homelessness has surged throughout California, and cities are struggling to open more bathrooms. Officials are considering adding port-a-potties and special loos designed by the city of Portland, Oregon, and expanding hours of restrooms in government buildings.Sacramento, which is in a county where a one-night count of the homeless increased 19% in two years, tried a Pit Stop but stopped after a few months because it cost too much.Los Angeles Councilmember Mike Bonin initially thought the stops too pricey, but he now understands that having someone to watch over the bathrooms has its upsides. Los Angeles saw a 16% increase over a year in its one-night count of homeless, to 36,000."I heard from everyone, from people affiliated with law enforcement, from people who live in the neighborhood, from homeless advocates, from people who are homeless themselves, that it's important to have a staff to make sure they stay clean and free of destruction or abuse," he said.Down the street from Ahmed Al Barak's corner market is Aref Elgaali's Z Zoul, a Sudanese cafe. The public bathroom by his eatery has helped, he says, but it closes too early, and there should be many more of the toilets."Why not to have in this corner one and that corner one and the other corner one? That will solve a lot of problems for the people here in San Francisco," he said. 5298

Secretary of State Rex Tillerson thanked agency staff in a message Friday, calling his service at the State Department "one of the great privileges of my life," just days after being fired by President Donald Trump in an early morning tweet."I depart my post with nothing but the best memories of working with my State Department colleagues," Tillerson said in the letter, the text of which was obtained by CNN and first reported by the Associated Press. "Know that I will continue to pray for our country, our leaders, and your efforts to make this world a better place than we found it. I am cheering for your success and thank you again for your service." 666

来源：资阳报