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XI'AN, Nov. 20 (Xinhua) -- Fish in Hongjiannao Lake, China's largest desert freshwater lake, are teetering on the verge of extinction, according to local fishery authorities."The fish in Hongjiannao have nearly vanished," said Li Weiping, the head of a fish monitoring station in northwest China's Shaanxi province.As the lake continues to shrink, its water has become more salty and its pH reading has reached 9.6, while the maximum reading suitable for fish is 8.5, according to Li.The lake has gradually lost the water that it used to get from underground streams and rivers, Li said, adding that excessive coal mining around the lake has changed the way water flows underground. Two reservoirs have been built on two rivers near the upper reaches of the lake, preventing river water from flowing into the lake.The lake's water level has plunged by 20 to 30 centimeters every year. Its total surface area has been reduced to 41.8 square km, down from 67 km in 1996.

WASHINGTON, Oct. 6 (Xinhua) -- The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) announced Thursday a joint, large-scale, national study of tobacco users to monitor and assess the behavioral and health impacts of new government tobacco regulations.The initiative is the first large-scale NIH/FDA collaboration on tobacco regulatory research since the U.S. Congress granted FDA the authority to regulate tobacco products in an act in 2009. Scientists at NIH's National Institute on Drug Abuse and the FDA's Center for Tobacco Products will coordinate the effort."The launch of this study signals a major milestone in addressing one of the most significant public health burdens of the 21st century," said FDA Commissioner Margaret Hamburg in a statement. "The results will strengthen FDA's ability to fulfill our mission to make tobacco-related death and disease part of America's past and will further guide us in targeting the most effective actions to decrease the huge toll of tobacco use on our nation's health."Investigators will follow more than 40,000 users of tobacco- product and those at risk for tobacco use ages 12 and older. They will examine what makes people susceptible to tobacco use; evaluate use patterns and resulting health problems; study patterns of tobacco cessation and relapse in the era of tobacco regulation; evaluate the effects of regulatory changes on risk perceptions and other tobacco-related attitudes; and assess differences in attitudes, behaviors and key health outcomes in racial-ethnic, gender, and age subgroups."We are pleased to collaborate with the FDA on this study that may provide us with a better understanding of the impact of product regulation on tobacco prevention and cessation," said NIH Director Francis Collins.While smoking rates have dropped significantly since their peak in the 1960s, nearly 70 million Americans ages 12 and older were current users of tobacco products in 2010. As a result, death and disease caused by tobacco use is still a tremendous public health burden. Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of disease, disability, and death in the United States. Cigarette smoking results in more than 443,000 premature deaths in the United States each year -- more than alcohol, illegal drug use, homicide, suicide, car accidents, and AIDS combined.

BEIJING, Jan. 3 (Xinhua) -- A collection of China's nine white papers issued in 2011 has been published in both Chinese and English, according to a statement issued by the publisher on Tuesday.By giving a clear and precise illustration of China's policies, principles and progress in subjects like national defense, law, climate change and international trade, the white papers can help the world know about, and understand, China, the statement said.The white papers are titled, "China's National Defense in 2010," "China's Foreign Aid," "Sixty Years Since the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet," "China's Peaceful Development," "The Socialist System of Laws with Chinese Characteristics," "New Progress in Development-oriented Poverty Reduction Program for Rural China," "China's Policies and Actions for Addressing Climate Change (2011)," "China's Foreign Trade" and "China's Space Activities in 2011."The white papers were all published by the Information Office of the State Council on behalf of the Chinese government.The latest one on space activities was issued last Thursday.

WASHINGTON, Dec. 21 (Xinhua) -- New research suggests that, in people who don't currently have memory problems, those with smaller regions of the brain's cortex may be more likely to develop symptoms consistent with very early Alzheimer's disease.The study was published Wednesday in the online issue of Neurology, the medical journal of the American Academy of Neurology.For the study, researchers used brain scans to measure the thickness of regions of the brain's cortex in 159 people free of dementia with an average age of 76. The brain regions were chosen based on prior studies showing that they shrink in patients with Alzheimer's dementia.Of the 159 people, 19 were classified as at high risk for having early Alzheimer's disease due to smaller size of particular regions known to be vulnerable to Alzheimer's in the brain's cortex, 116 were classified as average risk and 24 as low risk. At the beginning of the study, participants were also given tests that measured memory, problem solving and ability to plan and pay attention. The tests will go on over the next three yearsThe study found that 21 percent of those at high risk experienced cognitive decline during three years of follow-up after the MRI scan, compared to seven percent of those at average risk and none of those at low risk."Further research is needed on how using MRI scans to measure the size of different brain regions in combination with other tests may help identify people at the greatest risk of developing early Alzheimer's as early as possible," said study author Bradford Dickerson, of Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston and a member of the American Academy of Neurology.

WASHINGTON, Jan. 16 (Xinhua) -- A new study examining weather patterns around the worldwide pandemics of influenza, which caused widespread death and illness in 1918, 1957, 1968 and 2009, finds that each of them was preceded by La Nina conditions in the equatorial Pacific. The study findings are published online Monday in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science.The study's authors -- Jeffrey Shaman of Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health and Marc Lipsitch of the Harvard School of Public Health -- note that the La Nina pattern is known to alter the migratory patterns of birds, which are thought to be a primary reservoir of human influenza. The scientists theorize that altered migration patterns promote the development of dangerous new strains of influenza.To examine the relationship between weather patterns and influenza pandemics, the researchers studied records of ocean temperatures in the equatorial Pacific in the fall and winter before the four most recent flu pandemics emerged. They found that all four pandemics were preceded by below-normal sea surface temperatures -- consistent with the La Nina phase of the El Nino- Southern Oscillation.The authors cite other research showing that the La Nina pattern alters the migration, stopover time, fitness and interspecies mixing of migratory birds. These conditions could favor the kind of gene swapping or genetic reassortment that creates novel and therefore potentially more variations of the influenza virus."We know that pandemics arise from dramatic changes in the influenza genome. Our hypothesis is that La Nina sets the stage for these changes by reshuffling the mixing patterns of migratory birds, which are a major reservoir for influenza," says Shaman.Changes in migration not only alter the pattern of contact among bird species, they could also change the ways that birds come into contact with domestic animals like pigs. Gene-swapping between avian and pig influenza viruses was a factor in the 2009 swine flu pandemic.

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