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BEIJING, August 1 (Xinhuanet) -- U.S. researchers have discovered a genetic mutation unique to African Americans that links to heighten their asthma risk, according to reports published on Sunday in the journal Nature Genetics.Researchers of University of Chicago found a gene, PYHIN1, and its variations may account for asthma risk in people of African descent. In their study, they examined data from nine previous genome-wide association studies, totaling more than 2 million single nucleotide polymorphisms in 3,246 asthma patients and 3,385 control patient, 1,702 patient-parent groupings, 355 family-based cases, and 468 family-based controls.In the study, the researchers found that between 26 percent and 29 percent of people of African-descent carried at least one copy of the gene.  In particular, one polymorphism of the gene was 34 percent more likely found in African-American and Afro-Caribbean people with asthma.  More interestingly, this variant of the gene is rarely found in Caucasian people and in Latino population, it was found in less than 5 percent.This new variant is part of a family of genes linked with the body's response to viral infections. It is thought to be involved in interferon signaling, which could influence the occurrence of asthma.The team stressed that each gene variant on its own plays only a small role in increasing asthma risk, but that risk could be multiplied when combined with other risk genes and with environmental factors.

WASHINGTON, Aug. 2 (Xinhua) -- The weakness of aging is associated with leaky calcium channels inside muscle cells and a drug already in Phase II clinical trials for the treatment of heart failure might plug those leaks, according to a report published Tuesday in the online edition of Cell Metabolism.Earlier studies by the research team led by Andrew Marks of Columbia University showed the same leaks underlie the weakness and fatigue that come with heart failure and Duchenne muscular dystrophy."It's interesting, normal people essentially acquire a form of muscular dystrophy with age," Marks said. "The basis for muscle weakness is the same." Extreme exercise like that done by marathon runners also springs the same sort of leaks, he added, but in that case damaged muscles return to normal after a few days of rest. A microscopic view shows smooth muscle cells derived from human embryonic stem cells showing the nuclei (blue) and proteins of the cytoskeleton (green) in this handout photo released to Reuters by the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine, March 9, 2009The leaks occur in a calcium release channel called ryanodine receptor 1 (RyR1) that is required for muscles to contract. Under conditions of stress, those channels are chemically modified and lose a stabilizing subunit known as calstabin1.Calcium inside of muscle cells is usually kept contained. When it is allowed to leak out into the cell that calcium itself is toxic, turning on an enzyme that chews up muscle cells. Once the leak starts, it's a vicious cycle. The calcium leak raises levels of damaging reactive oxygen species, which oxidize RyR1 and worsen the leak.The researchers made their discovery by studying the skeletal muscles of young and old mice. They also showed that 6-month-old mice carrying a mutation that made their RyR1 channels leaky showed the same muscular defects and weakness characteristic of older mice.When older mice were treated with a drug known as S107, the calcium leak in their muscles slowed and the animals voluntarily showed about a 50 percent increase in the amount of time spent wheel running. Now in clinical trials for patients with heart failure, the drug is known to work by restoring the connection between costabilin and RyR1.Despite considerable effort to understand and reverse age- related muscle wasting, there are no established treatments available. The new work suggests there may be hope in approaching the problem from a different angle."Most research has focused on making more muscle mass," Marks said. "What's different here is that we are focused not on muscle mass but on muscle function. More muscle doesn't help if it is not functional."

UNITED NATIONS, June 8 (Xinhua) -- Marking 30 years of the HIV- AIDS pandemic, scores of heads of state and government and ministers took to the UN General Assembly podium on Wednesday to list their country's accomplishments and list challenges in the battle.The General Assembly High Level Meeting on AIDS is taking place 10 years after the UN Special Session on HIV/AIDS and also marks five years since signing of the Political Declaration in which UN member states committed to moving towards universal access to HIV prevention, treatment, care and support.UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon UN recalled how three decades ago AIDS was spreading while "Today, we have a chance to end this epidemic once and for all."Now, instead of fear, there is hope, he said."Today, HIV is on a steep decline in some of the most affected countries. Countries like Ethiopia, South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe," he said. "They had the largest epidemics in the world, and they have cut infection rates by one quarter.""Globally, more than 6 million people now get treatment," Ban said. "All of these advances come thanks to you and the commitments you made, first 10 years ago and then again in 2006. Today, the challenge has changed. Today, we gather to end AIDS."However, President Joseph Deiss of the General Assembly said 10 million people still have no access to treatment and far too many people were still being infected, adding it was necessary to continue complementary and closely-linked prevention, treatment, care and support measures."We have reached a critical moment in time," he said. "We must take a holistic approach and integrate the response to AIDS into broader development programs."Michel Sidibe, executive director of the Joint UN Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), recalled how 30 years the disease was called the gay plague and slime disease. People were afraid of each other and there was no hope."This image should not disappear. It is part of our history," he said.Sidibe said the AIDS movement was the story of a people breaking the conspiracy of silence, demanding equity and dignity, confronting societies'wrongs, seizing their rights, and making a passionate call for social justice. Since then, a compact had been made between the global North and the South, which had produced lifesaving results.Now, More than 6.6 million people are being treated in low- and middle- income countries, he said, pointing out that since the initial success stories in Uganda and Thailand 56 countries, including 36 in Africa, have been able to stabilize the epidemic and reduce the number of infections significantly.Infections have been reduced by 35 percent in South Africa and by more than half in India, the UNAIDS chief said. In China, the HIV mortality rate had fallen by 64 percent, Sidibe said. Many other countries had reached universal access to treatment.He voiced what was repeated several times, and that was a call for "a transformational agenda" of "zero infections, zero discrimination and zero AIDS-related deaths."To put a personal face on the disease, a woman from Ukraine openly living with HIV, Tetyana Afansiadi, told her story to the delegates.She told how she had been living with HIV and using drugs for 13 years, had hepatitis C for almost 11 years but now has a husband and an 8-year-old son. Neither have HIV.Three years ago she took part in a drug therapy program that has enabled her to live, work, and take care of her son."Drug dependency and HIV-infection require treatment, not prosecution," she said.Given that opioid substitution therapy in her home city had changed the lives of people like her, it was time to stop refusing antiretroviral treatment to people who used drugs.While the heads of states and government and ministers, usually those heading up health departments, spoke in the General Assembly hall under bright lights, scores more of delegates attended five panel sessions and about 40 individual side events.Some samplings from the spotlighted dark-green podium in the great hall:President Paul Kagame of Rwanda, said, "It is time to galvanize member states to commit to a transformative agenda that overcomes the barriers to an effective, equitable and sustainable response to HIV and AIDS."Jose Angel Cordova Villalobos, health minister of Mexico, called for states to implement friendly, non-discriminatory healthcare systems as well as sex education in order to prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS."To achieve this, we call to all the countries congregated here today in order that your actions are based in the framework of respect to the human rights and focusing on gender equity, that allow to consolidate an effective response to the HIV/AIDS without stigmas, discrimination, homophobia, transphobia; as well as any type of violence," he said, referring, in part, to transsexuals.The vice president of Mauritius, Monique Bellepeau, said, "The adverse impact of the AIDS epidemic on the socioeconomic progress, particularly in the developing countries, dictates that there is no time for complacency."She added, "After wrestling with AIDS for the past three decades, we are today equipped with a vast body of knowledge and various new tools to urgently complete the task. No less than strict prevention efforts and universal access to treatment, care and support are required."The speeches continue Thursday and on the final day of the three-day meeting, UN member states are expected to adopt a declaration to guide country responses to HIV over the next five years.

WASHINGTON, Aug. 18 (Xinhua) -- Black scientists were significantly less likely than their white counterparts to receive research funding from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), according to an analysis of data from 2000 to 2006.University of Kansas Professor of Economics Donna Ginther was the lead author on the study commissioned by the NIH, which will appear Friday in journal Science.The researchers found a 10 percentage point gap in research funding -- even after taking into consideration demographics, education and training, employer characteristics, NIH experience and research productivity. For example, for every 100 grants submitted to NIH, 30 grants from white applicants were funded, compared to 20 grants for black applicants.Applications for NIH funding go through peer review that considers the significance, innovation and approach of grant applications, the investigator(s) and the research environment. About half of the applications are determined to be worth scoring. Among those scored, budgets and NIH Institutes priorities determine which applications are funded. Priorities can vary by year and by Institute.The study found that applications from black researchers were less likely to be scored and on average had worse scores. After controlling for the score of the grant, there were no race or ethnicity differences in funding.Applicants self-identify race, ethnicity and gender, but that information is not available during the peer review. However, biographical facts that are included in the review materials can provide clues to the identity of the applicants.The research suggests it is possible that cumulative advantage may explain the funding differences."Small differences in access to research resources and mentoring during training or at the beginning of a career may accumulate to become large between-group differences," the paper says.Additionally, the paper suggests further research is needed to determine why black researchers are less likely to be funded.NIH Director Francis Collins and Principal Deputy Director Lawrence Tabak call the findings unacceptable and commit to immediate action by the NIH."NIH commissioned this study because we want to learn more about the challenges facing the scientific community and address them head on. The results of this study are disturbing and disheartening, and we are committed to taking action," said Collins in an accompanying commentary. "The strength of the U.S. scientific enterprise depends upon our ability to recruit and retain the brightest minds, regardless of race or ethnicity. This study shows that we still have a long way to go."NIH initiated the study in 2008 to determine if researchers of different races and ethnicities with similar research records and affiliations had similar likelihoods of being awarded a new NIH research project grant.

SAN FRANCISCO, Sept. 12 (Xinhua) -- Amazon.com Inc. is talking with book publishers to launch a rental subscription service for digital books, U.S. media reported on Monday.Several publishing executives said they aren't enthusiastic about the idea because it could lower the value of books and it could also strain their relationships with other retailers that sell their books, The Wall Street Journal quotes people familiar with the matter in a report.The Seattle-based company is considering a digital book library featuring old titles, which would be available to Amazon Prime subscribers, who currently pay 79 U.S. dollars a year for access to digital library of movies and TV shows and unlimited two-day shipping, said the report.Amazon would offer book publishers a substantial fee and could limit the amount of books that Amazon Prime customers could read for free every month, the report cited some sources as saying.The online retailing giant makes the popular electronic reader Kindle and is also reported to launch a color touchscreen tablet before October to compete with Apple's iPad and other devices in the increasingly crowded tablet computer market.The proposal is another sign that retailers are looking for more ways to deliver content digitally as customers increasingly read book and watch TV on personal computers, tablets and other electronic devices, said The Wall Street Journal report.