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SAN DIEGO (KGTV) — The topic of voter fraud has been in the spotlight more than usual this election cycle, with President Donald Trump encouraging supporters to volunteer as poll watchers and tweeting about election-related fraud at least eight times in the last week.There are several categories of voter fraud, including ineligible voting by non-citizens or felons; or double voting, when someone illegally casts more than one ballot.Voter fraud is cheating by voters themselves, which is distinct from other forms of election malfeasance, and there have been dozens of studies aimed at measuring it over the last few years.There are essentially two types of academic research on voter fraud: studies that examine documented cases of voter fraud, such as ones mentioned in news articles or criminal prosecutions; and studies that try to predict how much fraud might be going undetected, using advanced statistics and artificial intelligence techniques.Pam Smith, the former president of the non-partisan Verified Voting Foundation, summarizes the research on documented voter fraud this way: “There's an infinitesimal amount of voter fraud where a voter is intentionally doing something fraudulent.”A 2007 study by the Brennan Center at New York University calculated the rate of voter fraud in three elections in the early 2000s at between 0.0003% to 0.0025%.The odds of being struck by lightning in a given year is 0.0002%.The Heritage Foundation, a conservative think tank, keeps a database of known cases of voter fraud. It now has 1,298 examples.The examples date back to 1982 and cover both presidential and off-year contests. There were more than 1 billion votes cast in presidential contests alone during that span.But those are the known cases. What about undetected cases of voter fraud?This is an area of study called election forensics, where researchers use advanced statistics and machine learning to estimate irregularities.One study by researchers at Harvard and Stanford universities looked at voter registration data in the 2012 election and used algorithms to estimate that the maximum amount of double voting was .02%, or 1 out of every 4,000 ballots.But the researchers also showed that most, if not all, of these possible double votes, could have actually been innocent clerical errors. The researchers audited poll books in Philadelphia and found a 1% error rate; an error rate of 1.3% would be enough to explain all of the irregularities.There are other kinds of fraud, called election fraud, like the illegal ballot harvesting in North Carolina’s 9th District in 2018. But Smith, of Verified Voting, said those cases are actually easier to catch because they typically involve multiple people.In the very rare cases when they do happen, judges can order an election re-do.“Fraud on any kind of massive scale, as we've heard talked about, that doesn't happen,” Smith said. “And there are safeguards and guardrails in place to prevent it.”Smith said California’s guardrails include pre-election testing of voting machines and other equipment and audits after the election.California voters can also sign up for a free tool called “Where’s My Ballot?” The service will send automated alerts the moment your ballot is received and counted. 3270

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) -- This week, hundreds of migrants arrived at the U.S-Mexico border after traveling thousands of miles. So where is the migrant caravan from? CNN reports that the caravan is composed of people from Honduran, El Salvador and Guatemala.HONDURASAccording to the CIA’s World Factbook, Honduras is the second-poorest country in Central America. CNN reports that criminals have extorted Hondurans into paying a “war tax.” Those who don’t pay are often killed.Distance from U.S.-Mexico border: 2,271 milesEL SALVADORThe CIA’s World Factbook also claims that El Salvador has one of the world’s highest homicide rates and pervasive criminal hangs.Distance from U.S.-Mexico border: 2,897 milesGUATEMALANearly half of children under the age of 5 in Guatemala are malnourished as the country has one of the highest malnutrition rates, according to the CIA. More than half of the country also lives in poverty.Distance from U.S.-Mexico border: 2,653 milesRELATED COVERAGE  1019

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) -- There’s 0,324 in refunds still waiting to be claimed, according to the San Diego County Treasurer-Tax Collector’s Office.The office said San Diegans can check the SDTTC.com website to find out if they are eligible to claim one of the 1,190 county refunds.County Treasurer-Tax Collector Dan McAllister said, “With many people out of work or cash-strapped, it’s essential to return this money to the citizens of San Diego. The average refund is 8, and that can go a long way for those who need it.”If San Diegans find their names on the list, they have until Oct. 26 to file a refund claim. Claims can be emailed to refunds@sdcounty.ca.gov; for more information, call 877-829-4732.Money not claimed by the deadline will be added to the county’s general fund. 790

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) - The travel ban is just one element from President Trump's Oval Office address Wednesday that is still sparking questions - and clarifications.Moments into his remarks, President Trump made a statement about communicating with allies."We have been in frequent contact with our allies," said President Trump.But the European Union says they received no heads up about the announced 30-day travel ban.RELATED COVERAGE:-- What's been canceled, postponed in San Diego, nationally due to coronavirus-- Gov. Newsom urges limited to no large gatherings in California amid coronavirus-- Another group of cruise ship passengers to be sent to MCAS Miramar"We will be suspending all travel from Europe to the United States for the next 30 days," said President Trump.Federal officials have since clarified this ban doesn't apply to US citizens, but rather foreign nationals coming to the U.S. The ban includes 26 countries. Places like the UK, Ireland and Croatia are not on the list."...These prohibitions will not only apply to the tremendous amount of trade and cargo, but various others things as we get approval," said President Trump.That statement appears to be false. RELATED: MCAS Miramar Marine contracts coronavirus, another Marine suspected after Washington state visit The President himself later tweeted, "The restrictions stop people not goods."As for people stricken with coronavirus, President Trump had this to say. "Earlier this week, I met with the leaders of health insurance industry who have agreed to waive all copayments for coronavirus treatments," said President Trump.That statement has led to more confusion. The administration, along with insurance companies, have since confirmed copays for coronavirus testing will be waived, but not for treatment of the virus."Testing capabilities are expanding rapidly, day by day. We are moving very quickly," said President Trump.Despite billions in recently approved funds, testing capacity remains at frustrating levels across the country. After health officials held closed-door briefings today, members of Congress - both Republicans and Democrats - expressed concerns about the testing capacity. 2187

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) — The San Diego Padres took a dozen teens undergoing cancer treatment to Spring Training this week.After spending months in and out of Rady Children’s Hospital, the teens say they were excited to get to experience what it feels like to be a normal kid again. “I have osteosarcoma, it's a bone cancer, it was in my leg, and I recently got it is surgically removed,” says patient Nicholas Herrmann. But today, lab tests and screenings are the last things on his mind. “It sounds so fun. We get to go out with a great group of guys and a great group of girls here.”RELATED: San Diego Padres sell out Opening Day game with Manny MachadoThe teens signed their honorary contracts with the Padres and grabbed their jerseys before heading to Peoria, Arizona. For three days, they will get to meet players, attend batting practice and a game versus the Cincinnati Reds. This is the first year for the program. Parents say this trip is an excellent way for the teens to gain independence and form friendships with others. “It's so hard for them. My son is not in school, a lot of other kids aren’t in school either, so they’re not having that social interaction all the time,” says Nichole Elliott- Herrmann. “For us just to see them have fun and have a smile on their face, and not having to go into the hospital is amazing.”Parents will be staying behind for this trip. A group of caregivers, including doctors and nurses, accompanied the teens to make sure they are in good health. 1500

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