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WASHINGTON, Sept. 12 (Xinhua) -- An enzyme that appears to play a role in controlling the brain's response to nicotine and alcohol in mice might be a promising target for a drug that simultaneously would treat nicotine addiction and alcohol abuse in people, U.S. researchers find.Over the course of four weeks, mice genetically engineered to lack the gene for protein kinase C (PKC) epsilon consumed less of a nicotine-containing water solution than normal mice, and were less likely to return to a chamber in which they had been given nicotine. In contrast, normal mice steadily increased their consumption of nicotine solution while the mice lacking PKC epsilon did not.The study conducted by researchers at the Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, affiliated with the University of California, San Francisco, appeared Monday in the online edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.In normal mice, as in humans, nicotine binds to a certain class of nicotinic receptors located on dopamine neurons, which causes dopamine to be released in the brain. Dopamine creates a feeling of enjoyment, and thus prompts a sense of reward. Researchers found that mice lacking PKC epsilon are deficient in these nicotinic receptors.The finding complements earlier research in which researchers found that mice genetically engineered to lack the PKC epsilon enzyme drank less alcohol than normal mice and were disinclined to return to a chamber in which they had been given alcohol."This could mean that these mice might not get the same sense of reward from nicotine or alcohol," said Gallo senior associate director and investigator Robert Messing. "The enzyme looks like it regulates the part of the reward system that involves these nicotinic receptors."The reward system is a complex of areas in the brain that affect craving for nicotine, alcohol and other addictive substances.The next step in the research, said Messing, would be to develop compounds that inhibit PKC epsilon. The ultimate goal, he added, would be medications that could be used "to take the edge off of addiction by helping people get over some of their reward craving."

UNITED NATIONS, Sept. 19 (Xinhua) -- As the UN on Monday pursued the world's top killer -- non-communicable diseases (NCDs) -- a leading doctor from the World Health Organization (WHO) called for preventative measures on such chronic diseases to be placed higher on the international agenda."It's not a choice of dealing with it or not, it's an absolute fundamental imperative for development," said Dr. Douglas Bettcher, WHO's director for the Tobacco Free Initiative, told Xinhua in a recent telephone interview.With NCDs already claiming 36 million lives a year -- nearly 100,000 people a day -- the UN Geneva-based health agency, WHO warns that deaths from chronic diseases will continue to climb even faster, amounting to 52 million deaths by 2030.As world leaders on Monday kicked off a two-day high-level meeting to enact a roadmap to attack diseases like cancer, diabetes, heart and lung diseases, it is hoped that the summit on NCDs, which is being called a "once in a generation opportunity," moves to become a "worldwide priority," Bettcher said.Marking the second time in its history that the United Nations General Assembly has ever put a global disease on the table, health experts and world leaders from 193 nations met to avert what the UN has declared a "public health emergency in slow motion. ""It's a make it or break it time for moving forward this very important agenda at this time of global financial crisis," said Bettcher.Calling NCDs the top global killer "by a long shot," Bettcher attributed such rises in deaths partly to the aging of the world's population, rapid urbanization and increased exposure to risk factors, particularly in low-and middle-income countries."This is a landmark meeting," said UN Secretary-General Ban Ki- moon at the opening of the unprecedented meeting. "Three out of every five people on earth die from the diseases that we gather here to address."The last time the UN looked at a health issue under the global microscope on such a high-level was almost a decade ago.

WASHINGTON, July 27 (Xinhua) -- The solar-powered, Jupiter- bound Juno spacecraft was secured into place on top of its rocket Wednesday in preparation for launch next month, the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) announced.The launch period for Juno opens Aug. 5 and extends through Aug. 26. For an Aug. 5 liftoff, the launch window opens at 11:34 a.m. EDT (1534 GMT) and remains open through 12:43 EDT (1643 GMT).Juno will arrive at Jupiter in July 2016 and orbit its poles 33 times to learn more about the gas giant's interior, atmosphere and aurora."We're about to start our journey to Jupiter to unlock the secrets of the early solar system," said Scott Bolton, the mission 's principal investigator from the Southwest Research Institute in San Antonio. "After eight years of development, the spacecraft is ready for its important mission."

SAN FRANCISCO, Sept. 2 (Xinhua) -- A late-season potato blight has been detected on farms in Alaska, only the fourth time the disease appear in the U.S. state since 1995, local media reported on Friday.The disease was found this week in the fields of potato producers in cities of Delta Junction and Palmer, according to the Fairbanks Daily News-Miner, Alaska's second largest daily newspaper.Farmers in both fields are working to prevent the spread of the blight, a fungus-like disease that can kill plants in the field or cause potatoes to rot in storage, the newspaper reported.Growers have been asked to kill all affected plants within 100 feet, and plant samples from both sites will be examined to identify what type of late blight is involved.Experts said that blight can be controlled through the use of fungicides, but the cool, damp weather this summer in the areas has created an ideal environment for the disease to spread.Although Alaska's potato crop is tiny compared to other U.S. states, it has been viewed as a possible global source of seed potatoes in recent years because it is largely free of disease.A local university has explored partnerships with Chinese growers to export certified seed potatoes, noted the Fairbanks Daily News-Miner report.

BEIJING, June 12 (Xinhua) -- China's Supreme People's Court (SPC) on Sunday publicized a judicial interpretation which sets specific rules for the country's courts to order penalties to criminals sabotaging TV and radio facilities.The interpretation said that criminals, whose sabotage causes information block for disaster early warning, rescue and others concern public security, could be convicted three to seven years of imprisonment on the charge of sabotaging TV and radio broadcast facilities.Other circumstances that could be convicted the imprisonment include sabotage that causes malfunction in the broadcast of TV and radio stations, according to the new law.According to statistics with the SPC, there have been more than 5,000 cases of sabotaging cable TV wires and more than 1,000 cases of sabotaging state-owned fiber optic lines and other cases of stealing broadcast facilities since 2006 in China.

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