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WELLINGTON, July 26 (Xinhua) -- Children born early are less likely to develop serious behavioral problems than previously thought because previous studies may have relied too much on the opinions of "sensitive" parents, according to a controversial New Zealand research.The study by the Child Development Research Group at the University of Canterbury looked at the emotional and behavioral adjustment of children born very preterm (VPT).It showed that by age 6 children born very preterm (less than 33 weeks) were at an increased risk of emotional and attentional problems when compared with their full term peers, said a statement from the university.However, the findings suggested the risks may be lower than previous studies had suggested, because previous studies primarily relied on parents to provide information on their children's conditions, said lead author Samudragupta Bora."While parents are an important source of information about their child, it is also important to gather information from other significant people in the child's life such as their classroom teacher," said Bora.Bora and other members of the research team, found that parents reported higher rates of emotional and attention problems in their children than teachers did."Having a baby born prematurely is an extremely stressful experience for parents. During their baby's stay in the neonatal unit most parents will have been alerted to the possibility of their child developing problems such as behavioral difficulties in the future due to being born too early. Therefore, very understandably, many parents of these children are very sensitive to the possibility of developmental problems," he said."The use of multiple informants - parents, teachers and clinical observation - to assess VPT children's well-being is important to minimize the effects of report source bias and the over or under-identification of adjustment problems in children born VPT," said Bora."This is controversial because it shows that reliance on parents or teachers alone can lead to data validity issues."Although children born VPT were at higher risk of showing emotional and attentional problems, the risks of more severe problems were relatively modest, said Bora.The findings have been published the Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health.

WASHINGTON, Sept. 12 (Xinhua) -- An enzyme that appears to play a role in controlling the brain's response to nicotine and alcohol in mice might be a promising target for a drug that simultaneously would treat nicotine addiction and alcohol abuse in people, U.S. researchers find.Over the course of four weeks, mice genetically engineered to lack the gene for protein kinase C (PKC) epsilon consumed less of a nicotine-containing water solution than normal mice, and were less likely to return to a chamber in which they had been given nicotine. In contrast, normal mice steadily increased their consumption of nicotine solution while the mice lacking PKC epsilon did not.The study conducted by researchers at the Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, affiliated with the University of California, San Francisco, appeared Monday in the online edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.In normal mice, as in humans, nicotine binds to a certain class of nicotinic receptors located on dopamine neurons, which causes dopamine to be released in the brain. Dopamine creates a feeling of enjoyment, and thus prompts a sense of reward. Researchers found that mice lacking PKC epsilon are deficient in these nicotinic receptors.The finding complements earlier research in which researchers found that mice genetically engineered to lack the PKC epsilon enzyme drank less alcohol than normal mice and were disinclined to return to a chamber in which they had been given alcohol."This could mean that these mice might not get the same sense of reward from nicotine or alcohol," said Gallo senior associate director and investigator Robert Messing. "The enzyme looks like it regulates the part of the reward system that involves these nicotinic receptors."The reward system is a complex of areas in the brain that affect craving for nicotine, alcohol and other addictive substances.The next step in the research, said Messing, would be to develop compounds that inhibit PKC epsilon. The ultimate goal, he added, would be medications that could be used "to take the edge off of addiction by helping people get over some of their reward craving."

BEIJING, Sept. 20 (Xinhua) -- Floods and landslides triggered by recent heavy rains in eight of China's provincial-level regions have left 70 people dead and 32 others missing this month.Heavy downpours, floods and other related disasters have affected Sichuan, Shaanxi, Henan, Chongqing, Hubei, Shandong, Shanxi and Gansu, the National Disaster Reduction Commission said in a statement released on Tuesday.As of Tuesday, these disasters have affected 21.56 million people and caused an estimated 26.09 billion yuan (4.08 billion U.S. dollars) in direct economic losses, the statement said.

WASHINGTON, July 5 (Xinhua) -- Intake of high levels of folate, a water-soluble B vitamin that occurs naturally in food, may reduce colorectal cancer risk, according to a new study published Tuesday in Gastroenterology, the official journal of the American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) Institute. "We found that all forms and sources of folate were associated with lower risk of colorectal cancer," said lead author Victoria Stevens, of the American Cancer Society. "The strongest association was with total folate, which suggests that total folate intake is the best measure to define exposure to this nutrient because it encompasses all forms and sources."Total folate includes naturally occurring food folate and folic acid from fortified foods and dietary supplements.The research team investigated the association between folate intake and colorectal cancer among 99,523 participants in the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort; a total of 1,023 participants were diagnosed with colorectal cancer between 1999 and 2007, a period entirely after folate fortification began. Neither higher nor lower risk was observed during the first two years of follow-up (1999 to 2001), while associations were statistically significantly inverse for the subsequent years (2002 to 2007). The findings of this study add to the epidemiologic evidence that high folate intake reduces colorectal cancer incidence.Folates are essential nutrients needed to make components used for functions required for normal cell growth, including DNA synthesis and repair. Because these processes are critical for cell growth and differentiation, the relationship between folate intake and cancer development has been investigated in several cancers, and most extensively in colorectal cancer.

BEIJING, Aug. 3 (Xinhuanet) -- The first man in Britain who received a complete plastic heart is allowed to leave hospital and live a relatively normal life at home.Matthew Green, 40, who was dying from arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, was awaiting a transplant when his condition became so bad that the doctors at Papworth Hospital, the world renowned heart center near Cambridge, decided to give him Britain’s first ever full artificial heart.During a six-hour operation on June 9, 2011, surgeons replaced Mr Green's damaged heart with the device which will serve the role of muscles and ventricles.Unlike previous artificial hearts, they have usually only replaced parts of the organ, the new one is powered by a pump which sits outside the body and can be held in a backpack or shoulder bag.All Mr Green has to do is replace the batteries in the pump every few hours and the heart should last up to three years.Transplant milestones1964 US National Institutes of Health starts artificial heart programme.1966 First transplant of partial mechanical heart, to assist pumping of ventricle.1969 Texas man receives first total artificial heart transplant. After 64 hours on the mechanical device received a donor organ, but died within two days.1982 Artificial heart designed by Utah University doctor Robert Jarvik implanted into man who survived for 112 days.2001 First surgical implant of internally powered artificial heart, which was charged via transduction through skin.

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