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Researchers from Florida Atlantic University released a video on Tuesday that shows how droplets disperse into the air from a person’s mouth.The researchers used different kinds of masks to analyze the disbursement of the droplets. The researchers also showed that without a mask, six feet of distance might not be enough to avoid infection.The FAU team tested a single-layer bandana-style covering, a homemade mask that was stitched using two-layers of cotton quilting fabric consisting of 70 threads per inch, and a non-sterile cone-style mask that is available in most pharmacies. The team used a mannequin, Laser lights and synthetic fog to help visualize the spread of the droplet from a cough..The researchers said that stitched quilted cotton masks worked the best in the simulation, with droplets from emulated coughs traveling just 2.5 inches from the mask. By comparison, without a mask, the droplets moved more than 8 feet, with some droplets traveling up to 12 feet during a heavy cough. The researchers also noted that the droplets remained suspended in midair for up to three minutes in the simulated environment.“We found that although the unobstructed turbulent jets were observed to travel up to 12 feet, a large majority of the ejected droplets fell to the ground by this point,” said Dhanak. “Importantly, both the number and concentration of the droplets will decrease with increasing distance, which is the fundamental rationale behind social-distancing.”FAU said that droplets from a cough traveled 3 feet, 7 inches from a bandana; 1 foot, 3 inches from a folded handkerchief; and 8 inches from a cone-style mask.“Preliminary results from our experiment reveal that significant concentrations of small particles from a turbulent jet such as from a heavy cough/sneeze can linger in still air for more than one minute. It only took the particles a couple of seconds to travel 3 feet; in about 12 seconds it reached 6 feet and in about 41 seconds it reached around 9 feet,” said Siddhartha Verma, an assistant professor in FAU’s Department of Ocean and Mechanical Engineering.Last week, the University of Washington’s Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation projected that 33,000 American lives would be saved between now and October 1 by near universal wearing of masks.Last month, a study in the Lancet found that the use of masks and respirators by those infected with the virus reduced the risk of spreading the infection by 85%. The authors analyzed data that showed that N95 respirators in healthcare settings were up to 96% effective. Other masks were found to be 77% effective.The CDC issued guidance in April to recommend mask wearing while in public, which has become a requirement to enter retail establishments in more than a dozen states.The CDC's guidance stressed several points: That wearing a face covering is not a substitute for social distancing, and that the public should not use medical or surgical masks. The recommendations suggest the public should use fabric or cloth that covers the mouth and nose.To view FAU's video, click here. Justin Boggs is a writer for the E.W. Scripps National Desk. Follow him on Twitter @jjboggs or on Facebook . 3198
Researchers published what they say is the first case of a living person diagnosed with the degenerative brain disease chronic traumatic encephalopathy or CTE.While unnamed in the study, lead author Dr. Bennet Omalu confirmed to CNN that the subject of the case was former NFL player Fred McNeill -- who died in 2015.Omalu is credited with first discovering CTE in professional football players. Until now, the only way to diagnose the disease is with a brain exam after death.The diagnosis was first made using an experimental brain scan that can trace a signature protein of CTE called tau. The authors then confirmed the diagnosis with an autopsy. The case study was published in the journal Neurosurgery this week.'It looked like just depression'Omalu first presented these findings exclusively to CNN's chief medical correspondent, Dr. Sanjay Gupta, in 2016. McNeill's wife, Tia, and his two sons, Gavin and Fred Jr., told Gupta then that they saw Fred transform from a fun loving family man at the center of their lives into a man who was dealing with symptoms of memory loss, anger and depression that tore their family apart."There are some times where the father is the stronghold in the family, or the anchor. If you lose that, everything kind of falls apart. That's kind of what happened for us. It looked like financial issues at first; it looked like marital issues, and they separated; then it looked like just depression," Gavin told Gupta.CTE is known for plaguing people with Alzheimer's like symptoms such as memory loss, rage, mood swings, and in some cases, suicidal ideation.Severity of the disease is categorized into four stages, with stage 4 being the most severe. While researchers don't know exactly why certain people develop the disease and others don't, they believe that it results from repeated blows to the head that trigger a build up of tau proteins in the brain.CTE has been called football's "concussion crisis," however experts point out that CTE can develop from any repeated head injury. According to the Boston University CTE Center, "this trauma includes both concussions that cause symptoms and subconcussive hits to the head that cause no symptoms." These subconcussive hits can include the repeated trauma the brain experiences from constant plays, hitting the turf, and tackling. Wrestlers, boxers, and military troops have also been diagnosed with the disease.Seeing CTEWhile McNeill is the first case to be confirmed with an autopsy, the experimental technology has been used on at least a dozen other former NFL players, including Pro Football Hall of Famer, Dallas Cowboy Tony Dorsett. Omalu helped develop and is invested in the diagnostic exam, which uses a radioactive "tracer" called FDDNP to bind to tau proteins in the brain. The tau proteins can then be seen on a PET scan of the brain.Critics have said the protein also can highlight another protein called amyloid, which may be indicative of Alzheimer's or other forms of dementia. But Omalu noted that in CTE, tau makes distinctive patterns in the brain. It has a "specific topographic signature," he said, and that pattern can be detected in imaging.Omalu said he and his team are currently raising money to start a phase 3 clinical trial to further test the technology and replicate what they have seen in McNeill. He anticipates that once funds are raised, it will take another two to three years for the trial and then another year, at least, for approval from the US Food and Drug Administration. When asked, how soon a commercial test could be available, Omalu predicted it could be as soon as a few years. "We are looking at less than five years," he said. 3711

President Donald Trump's pick to head the CIA, Gina Haspel, would be the first female director of the intelligence agency if confirmed.Haspel, who served as deputy director of the agency under Mike Pompeo, Trump's pick to replace Rex Tillerson as secretary of state, since February 2017, has accepted the new role, saying in a statement that she was "grateful to President Trump for the opportunity, and humbled by his confidence in" her.Haspel is a career intelligence officer who joined the CIA in 1985.In recent months, Haspel has been running the day-to-day operations at the agency, while Pompeo spent a lot of time at the White House, according to former and current CIA officials with knowledge of the matter and a former White House official. 758
Republicans on the House Intelligence Committee announced Monday they found no evidence that the Trump campaign colluded with Russia and that they are shutting down their yearlong investigation.The committee's Republicans are also disagreeing with the intelligence community's assessment that Russian President Vladimir Putin was trying to help the Trump campaign over Hillary Clinton, a notion that aligns with President Donald Trump's viewpoint on election meddling.The conclusions will be met with sharp disagreement from Democrats and are bound to inflame partisan tensions on a committee that's been beleaguered by partisanship throughout the course of its Russia probe.Rep. Mike Conaway, the Texas Republican leading the Russia investigation, said Monday that the committee had concluded its interviews for the Russia investigation, and the Republican staff had prepared a 150-page draft report that they would give to Democrats to review on Tuesday morning."We found no evidence of collusion, and so we found perhaps some bad judgment, inappropriate meetings," Conaway said. "We found no evidence of any collusion of anything people were actually doing, other than taking a meeting they shouldn't have taken or just inadvertently being in the same building."Democrats say there are still scores of witnesses the committee should call, and argue that Republicans have failed to use subpoenas to obtain documents and require witnesses to answer questions that are central to the investigation.Conaway told reporters that he feels the committee has investigated all avenues it needed to probe, and he argued that the panel would not have been able to obtain the information Democrats were seeking had they gone the route of subpoenaing witnesses or trying to hold them in contempt.Conaway, for instance, said the June 2016 Trump Tower meeting between senior campaign officials and a Russian lawyer where dirt on Clinton was promised was "ill advised." But he said that the committee did not turn up any evidence of collusion, arguing the promoter who organized the meeting had exaggerated what the Russians would provide.The committee's report will conclude that they agree with 98% of the intelligence community's January 2017 assessment that Russia meddled in the 2016 election, according to a committee aide.But the panel's Republicans take issue with the key finding that Putin was trying get Trump elected. Conaway said it was clear the Russians were trying to sow discord in the 2016 US election, but Republicans did not establish the same conclusions as the CIA that they specifically were trying to help Trump.The committee's Russia investigation included interviews with 73 witnesses and a review of roughly 300,000 pages of documents, Conaway said. They included key figures like Donald Trump Jr., Jared Kushner and Steve Bannon, but Democrats have argued that those witnesses failed to fully provide documents or answer important questions.Conaway said he hopes that Democrats can work with Republicans on the draft report, and he wants to take their feedback as they shape the final report. He declined to put a timeline on when the report would be made public, as the committee intends to submit it to the intelligence community for declassification beforehand.Conaway said Democrats will agree with some elements of the report, such as the social media interference, but he acknowledged they'd take issue with others.It's widely expected Democrats will draft their own report that argues a case for collusion, as well as spells out all the avenues the committee did not investigate.In addition to subpoenas and witnesses, Democrats have long raised issues about looking into Trump's finances, something the committee had not probed. Conaway said he saw no "link" between Trump's finances and the committee's investigation, and he did not want to go on a fishing expedition.The Republican report will also say how "anti-Trump research" made its way from Russian sources to the Clinton campaign through the opposition research dossier on Trump and Russia. Conaway, however, stopped short of saying there was "collusion" between Clinton's campaign and the Russians, something the President has alleged.The end of the Russia interviews is only the latest battleground on the House Intelligence Committee, which has been consumed by partisan fights for the better part of a year, from Chairman Devin Nunes' role in the investigation and more recently over competing memos about alleged surveillance abuses at the FBI during the Obama administration.Several Republicans on the panel have been signaling for several weeks now that they're ready for the Russia investigation to wrap up, arguing that Democrats are trying to extend the probe into the campaign season."To me, I don't see anything else that's out there that hasn't been explored," Rep. Pete King, a New York Republican, told CNN last week.But Democrats say the committee has raced through its final interviews, while allowing witnesses to pick and choose which questions they answer.The committee issued a subpoena to former White House chief strategist Steve Bannon in January, but in his return testimony he still did not answer questions about his time in the White House.Democrats also sought subpoenas for the committee's last two witnesses, outgoing White House communications director Hope Hicks and former Trump campaign manager Corey Lewandowski, but Republicans did not issue them."There are a number of steps that I think any credible investigator would say, 'These need to be done,' and we still hope that they will be," Schiff said following Lewandowski's interview last week.There are still two committees in the Senate that are investigating Russia's 2016 election meddling: the Senate Intelligence and Judiciary Committees.Still, only the Senate Intelligence Committee appears to be pushing forward at full speed on its probe, as Senate Judiciary Chairman Chuck Grassley is preparing to release transcripts of the committee's interviews with participants of the June 2016 Trump Tower meeting — a potential sign the committee is done investigating that matter.The Senate Intelligence Committee is preparing to put out recommendations and hold a hearing on election security this month. Senate Intelligence Chairman Richard Burr has said he's separating out the election security issues for the 2018 primary season while the committee continues to investigate questions about collusion and the 2016 election. 6504
Republican candidate Leslie Gibson has dropped out of the race for Maine's House of Representatives following backlash from controversial comments he made about two student survivors of the Parkland, Florida, school shooting."I am not walking away with my head hung low. I am walking away with my head held high," Gibson told the Portland Press Herald on Friday, saying he had made the decision after conversations with family and friends."It's the best thing for everybody," Gibson added.The Maine candidate drew outrage after posting insulting tweets about two Parkland students -- Emma González and David Hogg -- in light of their national gun control efforts."There is nothing about this skinhead lesbian that impresses me and there is nothing that she has to say unless you're a frothing at the mouth moonbat," Gibson tweeted of González, according to the Press Herald. He reportedly called Hogg a "bald-faced liar." The Twitter account used to make the remarks appears to have been deactivated and Gibson's campaign account has been set to private.Gibson later apologized to González, the Press Herald reports."I would like to extend to you my most sincere apology for how I addressed you," he said. "It was wrong and unacceptable. You are doing work that is important to you. I would like to extend my hand in friendship and understanding to you."Attempts by CNN to reach Gibson for comment were unsuccessful.Republican state Sen. Amy Volk and a number of Maine Democrats had called on Gibson to end his campaign. The comments also prompted two opponents -- one Republican and one Democrat -- to enter the race for Maine's 57th district."I never thought I would run for office, and I was perfectly content with just remaining a member of the community, but after reading Mr. Gibson's comments I thought that the people of Greene and Sabattus deserved a representative who will respect people and try to work through their differences to make our lives better," Eryn Gilchrist said in a statement from the state Democratic Party."After those recent unfortunate comments, I couldn't sit back," Republican candidate Thomas Martin Jr. said, according to the Press Herald. 2182
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