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It may not be as oft-quoted as the First Amendment or as contested as the Second Amendment, but the 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution plays a critical role in supporting some of our closest-held notions of American freedom and equality.For one, it clearly states that American citizenship is a birthright for all people who are born on American soil -- something that President Donald Trump has announced he wants to end. Not only would this unravel 150 years of American law, it would loosen a significant cornerstone of the Constitution's interpretation of American identity.In order to better understand this part of the 14th Amendment, we asked two experts in constitutional and immigration law to walk us through the first section. The amendment has five sections, but we will only be dealing with the first, which contains the Citizenship Clause and three other related clauses.But first, some historyThe 14th Amendment is known as a Reconstruction amendment, because it was added to the Constitution after the Civil War in 1868. That places it at an important historical crossroads, when lingering wounds of divisiveness and animosity still plagued the nation and the reality of a post-slavery America begged contentious racial and social questions."Thomas Jefferson said men were created equal, but the original Constitution betrayed that promise by allowing for slavery," says Jeffrey Rosen. "The 13th, 14th and 15th amendments were designed to enshrine Lincoln's promise of a new America."However, as so often is the case, this reaffirmed American ideal fell short of reality. Rosen notes that issues of civil rights and equal treatment continued to be denied to African Americans, LGBT people and other citizens for more than a century after the amendment's ratification.And Erika Lee points out that Native Americans weren't even allowed to become citizens until 1925."Even as [these amendments] were written, obviously there were major built-in inequalities and maybe at the time weren't intended to apply to everyone," Lee says.Why was citizenship by birthright such an important concept?"Citizenship was a central question left open by the original Constitution," says Rosen. "At the time it was written, the Constitution assumed citizenship, but it didn't provide any rules for it. In the infamous Dred Scott decision, the Chief Justice said African Americans can't be citizens of the US and 'had no rights which the white man was bound to respect.'"The US Supreme Court's ruling in the Dred Scott case, named for a slave who unsuccessfully sued for his freedom, has since been widely condemned.READ MORE: Scott v. Sandford"The 14th Amendment was designed to overturn this decision and define citizenship once and for all, and it was based on birthright," Rosen says. "It is really important that it's a vision of citizenship based on land rather than blood. It is an idea that anyone can be an American if they commit themselves to our Constitutional values."What does it mean to be "subject to the jurisdiction thereof?"According to Rosen, this is one of the greatest questions of citizenship. There are two clear examples of people not subject to the jurisdictions of the United States: diplomats and their children, and -- at the time of the 14th Amendment -- Native Americans, who were not recognized as part of the American populace."With those two exceptions, everyone who was physically present in the United States was thought to be under its jurisdiction," Rosen says. "There are numerous Supreme Court cases that reaffirm that understanding, and almost as importantly, there are lots of congressional statutes that assume birthright citizenship."Some scholars, like John Eastman of the Claremont Institute's Center for Constitutional Jurisprudence, have argued that children of illegal immigrants are not "subject to the jurisdiction" of the US and thus should not be considered citizens under the Constitution.But Rosen says this is a minority view among constitutional scholars of all political backgrounds."While the Supreme Court has not explicitly ruled [on the instance of children of illegal immigrants], Congress has passed all kinds of laws presuming their citizenship," Rosen says.What is the connection between birthright citizenship and immigration?In 1898, 30 years after the 14th Amendment was adopted, the Supreme Court reached a defining decision in a case known as the United States v. Wong Kim Ark. Lee explains that Wong Kim Ark was the American-born son of Chinese immigrants."Asian immigrants were the first immigrants to the US that couldn't be considered white," Lee says. "So they are treated differently. They are taxed differently, they are stripped of many rights. In the 1880s, they are excluded from immigration and barred from citizenship."READ MORE: The United States v. Wong Kim ArkSo, the main question of the case was, could a person born in America be a citizen in a place where his parents could not be as well? The Supreme Court decided yes, and the case remains the first defining legal decision made under the banner of birthright citizenship."[The Supreme Court's decision] said that the right of citizenship is not a matter of inheritance, that it never descends from generation to generation, it is related to where you're born," Lee says. "It's about the power of place. That has been a very expansive, and at the time, a corrective measure to a more exclusionary definition both legally as well as culturally as to what an American is."Why must it be stated that the privileges of citizenship need to be protected?Before the Civil War, states didn't necessarily have to follow the provisions stated in the Bill of Rights; only Congress had to. The 14th Amendment changed that."This second sentence of the Amendment means that states have to respect the Bill of Rights as well as basic civil rights and the rights that come along with citizenship," Rosen says. "The idea was that there were rights that were so basic; so integral to citizenship that they could not be narrowed by the states."Despite the promises and protections of citizenship, Lee says it is abundantly clear that different racial groups were, and often are, seen as unable or unworthy to function as true American citizens. After all, basic rights of citizenship, like suffrage and equal treatment, were denied certain racial groups for a hundred years after the 14th Amendment."The idea of a law applying to 'all people' seems to be clear. But in reality, the debate and the laws and practices that get established are very much based on a hierarchy of, well sure, all persons, but some are more fit and some are more deserving than others," she says.Throughout history, Asian immigrants, Mexican immigrants, Muslim immigrants and their children, to name a few, have had unspoken cultural caveats applied to their ability to be Americans."For Asian immigrants, the racial argument at the time was that 'It didn't matter whether one were born in the US or not, Asians as a race, are unassimilable. They are diametrically opposite from us Americans,'" Lee says."That was the argument that was used to intern Japanese citizens. It was the denial of citizenship in favor of race: 'The ability to become American, the ability to assimilate, they just didn't have it.'"Why was it important to legalize rights for non-citizens?So far, we've covered the first clause, the Citizenship Clause, and the second, the Privileges and Immunities Clause. These both deal with American citizens.The final two clauses, the Due Process Clause and the Equal Protection clause, are a little different, and deal with the rights of all people in the United States.Eagle-eyed Constitution readers will notice that the 14th Amendment contains a "due process" clause very similar to the Fifth Amendment. This, says Rosen, was a technical addition to ensure the Fifth Amendment wasn't theoretically narrowed down to protect only American citizens."The 14th Amendment distinguishes between the privileges of citizenship and the privileges of all people," Rosen says. "The framers [of the amendment] thought there were certain rights that were so important that they should be extended to all persons, and in order to specify that they needed a new 'due process' clause."What does it mean to have 'equal protection of the laws'?"At the time following the Civil War, at its core, it meant all persons had the right to be protected by the police, that the laws of the country should protect all people," Rosen says. "In the 20th century, more broader questions were litigated under the 14th Amendment, like Brown v. Board of Education -- whether segregation was constitutional. Cases involving the internment of Japanese citizens, case from the marriage equality decisions, even Roe vs. Wade have strains of equal protection language and invoke due process law."READ MORE: Brown v. Board of EducationAnother interesting case that speaks directly to the immigration side of the 14th Amendment debate is the 1982 case of Plyler v. Doe, in which the Supreme Court ruled it was unconstitutional for the state of Texas to deny funding for undocumented immigrant children.READ MORE: Plyler v. DoeWhy are we talking about all this right now?This week,?Trump vowed to end the right to citizenship for the children of non-citizens and unauthorized immigrants born on US soil.But his interest in repealing birthright citizenship isn't a new idea. Lee says for the last 30 years or so, there have been several overtures by the political right to explore "citizenship reform," a timeline that she says aligns with the ascendancy of modern American conservatism.Lee fears if the current push to end birthright citizenship is successful, it could have wider implications than most people assume. People from other countries who are here legally on work or student visas, for instance, could have children who do not legally belong to the only country they know."There have been attempts since the 1990s to break away birthright citizenship, or narrow it down, and it did not seem that they would have a chance at succeeding until now," she says."To me this not only reflects the ascendancy of an extreme right position but also a return to a very narrow and exclusionary definition of Americanness." 10356

Is it time to delete your Facebook account?That's the question many of its users are asking in light of revelations that data firm Cambridge Analytica accessed and improperly stored information from millions of users.The hashtag #DeleteFacebook was trending on Twitter in wake of the news. WhatsApp cofounder Brian Acton tweeted "it is time" to delete Facebook. (His comment is particularly noteworthy because Facebook bought WhatsApp for billion in 2014). 468

It was a scary situation. A motorist flagged down deputy Jeremie Nix on Wednesday, saying their 3-month-old child was not breathing. If not for Nix being at the right place at the right time, the baby named Kingston might not have survived. According to the Marion County, Florida Sheriff's Office, Nix performed "life-saving measures" on the child, such as chest compressions. After Kingston remained unresponsive, Nix took the child to a nearby hospital. Within minutes, doctors were able to treat Kingston. Doctors told the sheriff's department that Nix's swift actions saved the child's life. By Thursday, Kingston was out of the hospital and back home with his mother.  717

It wouldn't be the digital age if there wasn't an app for that. Like everything else, parents can connect with their student's classroom, teacher and assignments through technology. While an uncertain fall for schools lies ahead, districts are turning toward an education system that brings people together, even when apart.One of those systems is Schoology, made by PowerSchool. It allows teachers to organize their grades, attendance, classes and materials."Schoology really became our hub for communication," said Melissa Stanton, an intervention specialist in Ohio. "Parent communication, my Google Meets, my office hours all there for my students."Hardeep Gulati, the CEO of PowerSchool, says they serve 45 million students in North America. He refers to his company as the "glue" between educators, parents, and students."School is more than the building. It's the people. It's empowering the teachers to have the ability to continue that instruction both online and in the physical format.," Gulat said.He said teachers spend 40% of their time on things that are administrative, not instructional."A big part of this is providing the analytics, so teachers have the full view," Gulati said. "Not just the grade level, but the social and emotional level and the whole child level so they can see how they can support each child better."PowerSchool technology is a software system that integrates every aspect of education, from instruction to training — even paychecks and student portals. The school districts that were already using it were better prepared for the COVID-19 shutdown."We did see the districts who already had a blended learning in place had a 96% engagement," Gulati said. "But districts who had to scramble and did not have some of the things only saw 56% engagement."According to Gulati, parents can access their students' entire schedule and see what their child can expect from their school district this fall.For Stanton, the transition to online learning this past spring wasn't that bad. But she says her district is in a rural area and there are some students who aren't connected."WiFi needs to be for every student — I think everybody — in this time of life," she said, "It needs to be like electricity or water. It's there for everybody rather than the exorbitant prices that it is at times."Stanton says she's spending her summer preparing for more digital instruction this fall."I hope to see my kids in some capacity, whether it be face-to-face or virtual or blended," she said. "But I also worry about school being a safe haven for so many of my students. What happens when they come to school sick, and we all get infected and bring it home to our kids and our families? It's not something I want."Luckily, companies like PowerSchool are on a mission to give teachers all the tools they need to teach. 2849

In the span of just over a month, the number of people hospitalized with COVID-19 has doubled, as has the seven-day rolling average of the number of new cases and deaths linked to the virus every day.On Nov. 4, the U.S. was experiencing an upswing in new cases, with a then-record average of 89,000 new cases a day according to the COVID Tracking Project. However, hospitals were caring for a still-manageable 52,000 patients, and local health departments were reporting 859 deaths today — a tragic number, but nowhere near as high as the first weeks of the pandemic.But in just over a month, those numbers have skyrocketed. Reports of new infections now average more than 200,000 a day — a once-unthinkable figure. There are now a record 104,000 people being treated for COVID-19 in hospitals — a number that has completely overwhelmed nursing staffs across the country, particularly in rural areas.Finally, the U.S. is now losing an average of more than 2,600 people a day to COVID-19 — a number that exceeds the amount of life lost on the attack at Pearl Harbor, where 2,400 lives were lost. And according to health experts, the surge is only expected to worsen. Dr. Anthony Fauci, the nation's top infectious disease expert, says the U.S. has not yet felt the full force of the expected spik caused by extensive travel for Thanksgiving gatherings."The blip from Thanksgiving isn't even here yet," Fauci told CBS News on Tuesday. "So we're getting those staggering numbers of new cases and hospitalizations before we even feel the full brunt of the Thanksgiving holiday."There is some light at the end of the tunnel, as Americans are expected to begin receiving COVID-19 vaccinations in the coming days. However, the vaccines won't be widely available to all Americans until sometime in the spring. 1819