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SAN DIEGO (KGTV) — In the race for a coronavirus vaccine, scientists often say we need more than one winner.That’s in part because different vaccines use different strategies to provoke the immune system, and each strategy has different strengths.Take the inactivated virus vaccine, an approach currently used in the vaccine against the poliovirus. In this approach, scientists take a live virus, kill it with chemicals or heat, and then introduce that viral corpse into a person.There are three groups in the final phase of human trials using inactivated coronavirus, primarily in China, according to a tracker from the Milken Institute.“The immune system can tell the difference between something that's a real threat and something that's not a threat, and so if you get injected with a dead virus your immune system has the tendency to not pay a lot of attention to that,” said Dr. Shane Crotty of the La Jolla Institute for Immunology.The downside of the inactivated virus approach is that it only elicits two out of the three of the parts of the immune system, Dr. Crotty said. It’s capable of producing antibodies and helper T-cells, but not killer T-cells.The modern take on the inactivated virus approach is called a viral vector vaccine.In this strategy, scientists combine elements of the coronavirus with a common cold virus called an adenovirus that won’t make you sick. Since the virus is alive, it can elicit all three kinds of immune responses, Dr. Crotty said.“There are no licensed vaccines right now that use that strategy, but there are all kinds of vaccine trials that have been done around the world with those types [of vaccines] showing that they're straightforward to manufacture. They're very safe,” he said.The University of Oxford is testing a viral vector vaccine for COVID-19 in a Phase 3 clinical trial.Then there are subunit vaccines. These include just a section -- or subunit -- of the virus’ protein.UC San Diego is working on a coronavirus candidate vaccine using this approach.There are subunit vaccines currently on the market for tetanus and other viruses.“Working with proteins is more challenging, just from a laboratory and manufacturing perspective,” Dr. Crotty said.Enter the next phase of vaccine development. Instead of using the virus itself or fragments of it, Inovio Pharmaceuticals is working on a vaccine strategy using just the virus’ genetic information.DNA-based vaccines simply introduce a genetically engineered blueprint of the virus into a person, and the cells do the rest.“Some people get confused about this. They think it’s a genetic vaccine that changes their DNA and becomes part of them, and that’s definitely not the case.” Dr. Crotty said. “They don’t become part of you. Your body chews them up.”Researchers have been working on DNA-based vaccines for about 20 years, Crotty said, but none are currently licensed for use.San Diego-based Arcturus Therapeutics is using an RNA-based approach, along with other companies like Pfizer and Moderna that have entered Phase 3 trials.Messenger RNA reads the DNA instructions and helps translate them into proteins.Dr. Crotty said the DNA and RNA approaches have similar drawbacks and benefits: they’ve never been approved for us, but both can be developed rapidly because they don’t require access to the physical virus.Around the world, there are more than 200 coronavirus vaccines currently in development, according to the Milken Institute. 3459

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) — Malls across San Diego County did not experience the rush of last-minute shoppers on Christmas Eve, as the coronavirus continues to take its toll on the economy and life in general."We used to have to have the employees park in a different section that was further away so it left the open spots for customers, we haven't needed to do that this year," said Caitlin Todd, manager at Grossmont Center's Prevue Formal and Bridal.Todd said other than Target and Sees, the mall has been less busy this holiday season. She said it's not just the economy, but also that the coronavirus has made in-person shopping a more practical matter. "With restaurants not having as much ability to have indoor dining or outdoor dining, it's been more of a 'come, get what you need and leave,' kind of shopping experience, versus an all-day thing with the family," she said. The virus has taken a toll on the retail industry, with employment in department stores down 28% compared to the same time last year. Malls have instituted social distancing, limited entertainment, and retailers are limited to 20% capacity - meaning lines to get in. Still, shoppers who needed to did make their to get those last minute gifts. Calob Ross drove from Escondido to Westfield UTC to get a gift only available at the Nordstrom at that location. He said he noticed all of the restrictions and the smaller crowds. "I feel like it might not be as busy due to people not wanting to go out and be in public with everything going on right now," he said, noting he had just gotten paid and wanted to use the money to get a gift in time for the holiday. 1641

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) — If you're trying to find a precious ticket to San Diego Comic-Con this summer, watch out for villainous scammers scalping fake badges.The Better Business Bureau has issued a warning that third-party sellers may sell fake badges."For consecutive years now, Comic-Con International has sold out in record time and obtaining a badge has become strenuous," the BBB writes. "One of the most pervasive scams BBB has found over the years is the reselling scam in which a scammer claims they bought a badge but can no longer attend the convention."MAP: Where to find you favorite Comic-Con exhibitsScammers may offer their fake badge, tricking customers into thinking they can change the name on their badge to theirs. But they can't and Comic-Con doesn't allow legitimate badge holders to do so."A key factor for consumers to remember is Comic-Con provides a refund at the buyer’s request, making it unnecessary to resell a ticket," BBB adds.The BBB says another common scam with SDCC badges is scammers sell "extra tickets." Comic-Con badgeholders are limited to one ticket each, so third-party sellers can't have extra badges to sell. RELATED: San Diego Comic-Con 2019 road closures, detours, shuttle routes announcedMost importantly, SDCC badges are non-transferable. Those who purchase badges using their SDCC Member ID account agree not to sell, trade, transfer, or share badge information."...If San Diego Comic-Con determines you have violated this policy, they have the right to cancel your badge without a refund. Thus, buying from a third-party seller is not only more expensive it may put the attendees at risk of being expelled from the event," the BBB says.While Comic-Con 2019 badges are sold out, numerous off-site events packing just as much fun will be held around the San Diego Convention Center and throughout downtown. For more information on badge sales, visit Comic-Con's website here.San Diego Comic-Con starts on Wednesday, July 17 with Preview Night and runs through Sunday, July 21. 2028

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) — Local and federal authorities raided four San Diego County homes Wednesday as part of a money laundering investigation.Agents served one of those warrants at an El Cajon home at about 7 a.m., according to neighbors. Agents could be seen removing several items from the property. 10News observed agents searching through the first and second floors of the home. Neighbors told 10News agents made requests over a speaker for the home's residents to exit the property. Neighbors added that eventually, the announcements stopped and they heard what they described as a small explosion, before agents entered the home in tactical gear.RELATED: Ex-Wells Fargo banker indicted for money laundering appears in courtLauren Mack, with the Department of Homeland Security, told 10News the raid was one of five instances in which agents served search warrants as part of an investigation into a suspected money laundering conspiracy. Four locations were in San Diego County and one was in Los Angeles County.Federal agents worked with San Diego Homeland Security Investigations to serve the local warrants.No arrests have been made, according to Mack. 1166

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) — Last week, whale watchers caught the glimpse of a lifetime, a beluga whale swimming through San Diego's waters.The rare sighting was captured about seven miles off the coast on Friday. Beluga whales are native to Arctic waters and while they do swim south during the summer months, San Diego is still considered a long way off for the animal. Gone Whale Watching owner Domenic Biagini captured the amazing find via drone video. "Imagine if you were going outside to take your dog for a walk and you saw a polar bear," Biagini said. "It doesn't make any sense at all. I saw it with my own eyes and I'm still not sure I believe it."RELATED: Drone captures video of blue whale swimming up to boat off San Diego coastHe said he was contacted by his colleagues Lisa LaPointe and Chris Faist, who first alerted him to the discovery. He told his passengers they were going to meet up to help investigate, not knowing what to expect.But once they located the animal, "I knew immediately that it was a beluga whale, which is insane," Biagini said.The whale is thousands of miles away from its typical habitat range. But it's unclear how it ended up this far south from the Arctic.Biagini says it doesn't appear to have been in captivity because of its shyness to boats and yellow diatom patches that signal it lives in extremely cold waters.RELATED: For the first time, San Diego Zoo Safari Park sees echidna 'puggle' hatchHe says the furthest south a beluga whale has traveled along the west coast is unofficially northern Washington state. According to the San Diego Surfriders, the last known official southernmost sighting was in 2018, when a wayward beluga whale was spotted in the United Kingdom's River Thames in 2018.The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration is currently monitoring the whale's health and welfare as it's in the area. Biagini said it appeared the whale was in generally good health and has been eating. He adds that it appeared to be an older adult male by the curling of its pectoral fins."Pretty monumental moment not just for San Diego, but for whale watching in general," Biagini says.Friday's discovery comes as Biagini says this summer is ripe for more rare viewing opportunities of blue whales off San Diego's coast. Thanks to an abundance of krill and pristine conditions, blue whales are already being spotted nearby. Blue whale sightings usually come in spurts, according to Biagini, while grey whales are more reliable, making this season even more of a treat. 2524

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