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WASHINGTON, Nov. 14 (Xinhua) -- Nearly a fifth of all Americans 12 years or older have hearing loss so severe that it may make communication difficult, according to a new study led by Johns Hopkins University researchers and published Monday in the Archives of Internal Medicine.The findings, thought to be the first nationally representative estimate of hearing loss, suggest that many more people than previously thought are affected by this condition.Study leader Frank Lin, an assistant professor, and his colleagues used data from the National Health and Nutritional Examination Surveys (NHANES), a research program that has periodically gathered health data from thousands of Americans since 1971. The researchers analyzed data from all participants age 12 and over whose hearing was tested during NHANES examinations from 2001 to 2008. Unlike previous estimates, NHANES includes men and women of all races and ages, from cities scattered across the country, so it's thought to statistically mimic the population of the Untied States.Using the World Health Organization's definition for hearing loss (not being able to hear sounds of 25 decibels or less in the speech frequencies), the researchers found that overall, about 30 million Americans, or 12.7 percent of the population, had hearing loss in both ears. That number jumps to about 48 million, or 20.3 percent, for people who have hearing loss in at least one ear. These numbers far surpass previous estimates of 21 to 29 million.Hearing loss prevalence nearly doubled with every age decade, with women and blacks being significantly less likely to have hearing loss at any age. Lin and his colleagues aren't sure why these groups appear to be protected. However, he notes that the female hormone estrogen, as well as the melanin pigment in darker skin, could have a protective effect on the inner ear.

BEIJING, Oct. 11 (Xinhuanet) -- Scientists have discovered that blind optimism is related to brain's frontal lobes which are associated with processing errors, according to a British study published Monday in the journal Nature Neuroscience.Scientists at the University College of London scanned brains of volunteers who were asked to estimate their personal likelihood of involving in negative events, like a divorce or cancer,  before and after given the average probability of these events occurring.They found that the volunteers who estimated lower probability (or the more optimistic ones) than the given one raised their estimates a little bit later while those estimated higher probability altered their estimates much more.Through the brain scanner, scientists saw there was less activity in the volunteers' frontal regions when the information given was worse than expected while more activity when the information was better than expected. It suggested that the more optimistic people neglected the negative predictions."The more optimistic we are, the less likely we are to be influenced by negative information about the future," said Dr. Tali Sharot, lead author of the study. He added being optimistic clearly had some benefits, "but it can also mean that we are less likely to take precautionary action, such as practising safe sex or saving for retirement. So why don't we learn from cautionary information?"

WASHINGTON, Nov. 7 (Xinhua) -- U.S. researchers have demonstrated for the first time that the brain is a key player in regulating glucose (sugar) metabolism in humans.The findings, published Monday in the online edition of the Journal of Clinical Investigation, suggest that drugs targeting the brain and central nervous system could be a novel approach to treating diabetes."The brain is the body's only organ that needs a constant supply of glucose to survive, so it makes sense that it would have some say over how much glucose is produced," said study leader Meredith Hawkins, professor of medicine and director of the Global Diabetes Initiative at Yeshiva University, in a statement. "This role for the brain was demonstrated in earlier studies in rodents, but there was considerable controversy over whether the results could be applied to humans. We hope this study helps to settle the matter."In an earlier study in rodents, researchers showed that activation of potassium channels in the brain's hypothalamus sends signals to the liver that dampen its production of glucose. Those findings, published in Nature in 2005, challenged the conventional thinking that blood sugar production by the liver (the body's glucose factory) is regulated only by the pancreas (which makes insulin to metabolize glucose). But carefully performed studies on dogs, conducted at Vanderbilt University, failed to replicate the results, suggesting the Einstein findings in rodents might not be relevant to higher mammals, including humans.The current study, involving people, was aimed at resolving this controversy. Ten nondiabetic subjects were given oral diazoxide, a drug that activates potassium channels in the hypothalamus. (The drug is not used to treat diabetes.) Hormone secretion by the pancreas was controlled to ensure that any change in sugar production would only have occurred through the drug's effect on the brain. After the researchers administered the drug, blood tests revealed that patients' livers were producing significantly less glucose than before.Hawkins and her team then repeated this in rats, again giving diazoxide orally, achieving similar results. They confirmed that sufficient amounts of diazoxide crossed the blood-brain barrier to affect potassium channels in the hypothalamus. Additional experiments confirmed that diazoxide was working through the brain. Specifically, the researchers were able to completely block the effects of diazoxide by infusing a specific potassium channel blocker directly into the brain."This study confirms that the brain plays a significant role in regulating glucose production by the liver," said lead author Preeti Kishore, assistant professor of medicine. "We are now investigating whether this 'brain-to-liver' pathway is impaired in people with diabetes. If so, we may be able to restore normal glucose regulation by targeting potassium channels in the brain."

SAN FRANCISCO, Oct. 5 (Xinhua) -- Microsoft announced Wednesday that it will bring cable television content to its Xbox video game console over the upcoming holiday season, expanding the console into an entertainment hub.According to the company's press release, nearly 40 world- leading TV and entertainment providers such as HBO GO and BBC will stream their content through the Xbox Live service in more than 20 countries and regions.Users will be able to sift through shows online with the Kinect motion sensor device for Xbox 360 and Bing voice search, Microsoft said.To watch TV programs via Xbox as an alternate delivery system, customers have to already subscribe to the TV services and Microsoft's Xbox Live Gold service of 60 U.S. dollars per year."Today's announcement is a major step toward realizing our vision to bring you all the entertainment you want, shared with the people you care about, made easy," Microsoft said in the press release.Microsoft first entered the gaming console market in 2001 with the Xbox, the predecessor to the Xbox 360. The Xbox 360 currently competes with Sony's PlayStation 3 and Nintendo's Wii as the seventh generation of video game consoles.In June, Microsoft said 35 million people subscribed Xbox Live service around the world, spending an average of 60 hours a month playing games and watching movies and shows. Last year, the company integrated social networking features into Xbox Live, allowing users chat with each other while watching programs.

BEIJING, Dec. 25 (Xinhua) -- A total of 14,976 cases of medical disputes were handled by the country's emerging third-party mediation organizations, with over 80 percent of them being successfully settled, said Vice Health Minister Zhang Mao.Zhang told Xinhua recently in an exclusive interview that China has to date set up 1,358 third-party mediation organizations to settle medical disputes.The third-party mediation organizations have come into being since late 2009 which usually hire retired doctors, medical experts and lawyers to bridge the communication gaps between doctors and patients and direct patients to resort to legal means in settling medical disputes.The third-party mediation system for medical disputes is a latest reform to ease doctor-patient tension that sometimes escalate into violence.Such incidents erupted several times this year, and in an extreme case in September, a 43-year-old surgeon in Beijing Tongren Hospital was stabbed by a patient into serious injury. The attack was believed to have been triggered by a medical dispute in which the patient alleged that the surgeon had committed malpractice during an operation.