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WASHINGTON, May 12 (Xinhua) -- Early initiation of antiretroviral treatment in people infected with HIV prevents them from transmitting the virus to their partners, according to findings released Thursday from a large-scale international clinical study.The study, known as HPTN 052, was designed to evaluate whether antiretroviral drugs can prevent sexual transmission of HIV infection among couples in which one partner is HIV-infected and the other is not. The results are the first of their kind from a major randomized clinical trial.Led by Myron Cohen, of the University of North Carolina, the research found that treating HIV-infected individuals with antiretroviral therapy (ART) when their immune systems are still relatively healthy led to a 96 percent reduction in HIV transmission to their partners.This critical new finding convincingly demonstrates that early treatment of infected individuals can have a major impact on the spread of the epidemic.Study investigators enrolled 1,763 couples who were not eligible for ART by WHO standards in nine countries around the world. All couples were at least 18 years of age. The vast majority of the couples (97 percent) were heterosexual, which precludes any definitive conclusions about effectiveness in men who have sex with men.Couples were randomly assigned to one of two study groups. In the first group, the HIV-infected partner initiated antiretroviral therapy (ART) as soon as the couple enrolled in the study (the immediate treatment group); in the second group, infected partners did not begin ART until their CD4+ counts fell to between 200 and 250 cells/mm3 or they developed an AIDS-related illness (the delayed treatment group). Couples in both groups received HIV primary care, counseling and condoms.Results of this research study, which was scheduled to conclude in 2015, are being released early, after the independent data and safety monitoring board (DSMB) determined that the benefits of early treatment were clear.

GENEVA, March 28 (Xinhua) -- The world is ill-prepared to respond to a severe influenza pandemic or to any similarly global, sustained, and threatening public health emergency, an independent expert-committee entrusted by World Health Organization (WHO) said at its fourth meeting here on Monday.The Review Committee, tasked to look into the experience gained in the global response to the influenza A (H1N1) pandemic in 2009, issued its preliminary report at the meeting.In the report, the Committee said, "global preparedness can be advanced through research, strengthened health-care delivery systems, economic development in low and middle-income countries and improved health status."It recommended that international society establish an extensive global public health reserve corps consisted of experts and public health professionals, which could be deployed to support countries in need, in case of future pandemics.Another suggestion was to create a contingency fund for public health emergencies to be held in trust at an institution such as the World Bank, in order to provide financial support during a declared public health emergency of international concern.The report also urged WHO member states to reach an agreement on sharing of viruses and access to vaccines, and encouraged them to run independent or cooperative influenza research program.WHO Director-General Margaret Chan said at the opening of the meeting that the report had offered "critical guidance to all ministers of health who need to make far-reaching decisions."She said the recommendations in the report would help to " improve the capacity of WHO and the international community to respond to public health emergencies" and therefore should be taken with "added urgency."In January 2010, WHO's Executive Board established a Review Committee, at Chan's proposal, to review the experience gained in response to the H1N1 pandemic, as well as the International Health Regulations and WHO's functioning in tackling the disease.The Committee is expected to prepare its final report out of the current preliminary version, and submit it to the decision- making body of WHO in May.

LOS ANGELES, April 14 (Xinhua) -- Vegetarians experience a much lower risk of metabolic syndrome than non-vegetarians, U.S. researchers have found.Researchers at Loma Linda University in California based their findings on analysis of more than 700 adults randomly sampled from a long-term study of the lifestyle and health of almost 100,000 Seventh-day Adventist Christians across the United States and Canada.While 25 percent of vegetarians had metabolic syndrome, the number significantly rises to 37 percent for semi-vegetarians and 39 percent for non-vegetarians, according to the study published in the April issue of the journal Diabetes Care.The findings showed that the risk of developing metabolic syndrome is 36 percent lower among vegetarians than non- vegetarians.This means that vegetarians are less likely to develop heart disease, diabetes and stroke -- three major conditions that are closely linked with metabolic syndrome, the researchers say.The study also found that vegetarians, though slightly older than non-vegetarians, had lower triglycerides, glucose levels, blood pressure, waist circumference, and body mass index (BMI). Semi-vegetarians, meanwhile, also had a significantly lower BMI and waist circumference compared to those who ate meat more regularly.The findings will not be affected by other factors such as age, gender, race, physical activity, calories consumed, smoking, and alcohol intake, the researchers say."In view of the high rate of metabolic syndrome in the United States and its deleterious health effects, we wanted to examine lifestyle patterns that could be effective in the prevention and possible treatment of this disorder," says lead researcher Nico S. Rizzo, PhD."I was not sure if there would be a significant difference between vegetarians and non-vegetarians, and I was surprised by just how much the numbers contrast," he says. "It indicates that lifestyle factors such as diet can be important in the prevention of metabolic syndrome."

TOKYO, March 20 (Xinhua) -- Traces of radioactive iodine had been detected in Tokyo and the surrounding Kanto region, according to the results of an investigation of radioactivity in precipitation and dust conducted by the government, local media reported on Sunday.Radioactive iodine was found in Tokyo, Saitama, Chiba, Yamanashi, Tochigi and Gunma prefectures, the Kyodo News said, citing the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. The ministry added that the levels detected in the investigation alone would not affect human health.An employee of Yamagata city office holds a Geiger counter to detect radiation when evacuees from the vicinity of Fukushima nuclear plant wish to be screened upon their arrival at an evacuation centre set in a gymnasium in Yamagata, northern Japan March 19, 2011, eight days after Japan's devastating earthquake and tsunami.The investigation was carried out following the nuclear crisis at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant, the government said Sunday.The ministry said that a separate research has already shown that radioactive materials in the air and tap water in Tokyo and the five prefectures pose no threat to human health, according to Kyodo News report.

SAN FRANCISCO, May 11 (Xinhua) -- Google on Wednesday introduced a series of notebook computers based on its Chrome operating system, stepping up its competition against Microsoft.Google unveiled the "Chromebook" at its annual developers conference in San Francisco, saying that the new devices, made by Acer and Samsung Electronics, will go on sale on June 15 in the United States and six European countries.Google said Chromebooks can boot in 8 seconds and its security system makes it require no virus protection. Applications, documents and setting will be stored in "the cloud," which enables users to have same experience after logging into another Chromebook. The system will get updated automatically with no update prompts.Acer's Chromebook will start at 349 U.S. dollars and Samsung's product will be priced at 429 dollars for its WiFi model and 499 dollars for 3G connectivity. The devices will be available online in the United States through Amazon.com and Best Buy's online store.Google on Wednesday also announced Chromebooks for Business and Education, a subscription service including Chromebooks and a cloud management console to remotely administer and manage users, devices applications and policies.Google said it will directly handle the business and education orders. The monthly fee will be 28 dollars per user for businesses and 20 dollars per user for educational customers.The Chrome operating system, announced in July 2009, is designed to work exclusively with web applications, with its work based on Google's Chrome web browser.On Wednesday's conference, Google said the Chrome web browser now has 160 million active users, compared to 70 million last May.