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WASHINGTON, Sept. 12 (Xinhua) -- An enzyme that appears to play a role in controlling the brain's response to nicotine and alcohol in mice might be a promising target for a drug that simultaneously would treat nicotine addiction and alcohol abuse in people, U.S. researchers find.Over the course of four weeks, mice genetically engineered to lack the gene for protein kinase C (PKC) epsilon consumed less of a nicotine-containing water solution than normal mice, and were less likely to return to a chamber in which they had been given nicotine. In contrast, normal mice steadily increased their consumption of nicotine solution while the mice lacking PKC epsilon did not.The study conducted by researchers at the Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, affiliated with the University of California, San Francisco, appeared Monday in the online edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.In normal mice, as in humans, nicotine binds to a certain class of nicotinic receptors located on dopamine neurons, which causes dopamine to be released in the brain. Dopamine creates a feeling of enjoyment, and thus prompts a sense of reward. Researchers found that mice lacking PKC epsilon are deficient in these nicotinic receptors.The finding complements earlier research in which researchers found that mice genetically engineered to lack the PKC epsilon enzyme drank less alcohol than normal mice and were disinclined to return to a chamber in which they had been given alcohol."This could mean that these mice might not get the same sense of reward from nicotine or alcohol," said Gallo senior associate director and investigator Robert Messing. "The enzyme looks like it regulates the part of the reward system that involves these nicotinic receptors."The reward system is a complex of areas in the brain that affect craving for nicotine, alcohol and other addictive substances.The next step in the research, said Messing, would be to develop compounds that inhibit PKC epsilon. The ultimate goal, he added, would be medications that could be used "to take the edge off of addiction by helping people get over some of their reward craving."

VANCOUVER, Sept. 18 (Xinhua) -- At the fourth International Qigong Tournament and Exchange currently going on in Vancouver, many of the competitors spoke Sunday of how the practice had improved their lives after being able to overcome the complications of illness and injury.While many of the more than 300 competitors in the eight-day tournament were out to demonstrate they were among the best practitioners in the world, others were clearly happy to be competing after previously living with various ailments that had affected their mobility and overall way of life."I've been very ill," said competitor Felicia Kazmer of the New Jersey-based U.S. Health Qigong Association. "I have Lyme disease and infections. I was out on medical for six months last year and through the practice of Qigong, and especially the intense practice because I knew we were coming to the tournament, I am feeling better than I have in years and years. I know that this has opened the meridians and allowed the qi to flow and it's worked better than any drug."While Qigong has been practiced in China for centuries, it is relatively new to the outside world. It is for this reason that after holding the biennial International Qigong Tournament and Exchange in China on the first three occasions, the event was moved abroad for the first time to help increase its awareness and growing popularity.Altogether, 44 Health Qigong teams are in Canada from 25 nations and regions for the tournament.Philip Moot, a 26-year-old from The Hague, was attending the tournament for a second time after taking in the last competition in Shanghai in 2009. Now studying Chinese acupuncture, the Dutchman said he took up Qigong after suffering from Pfieffer, a glandular fever that is a fatigue illness."I was always tired and when I woke up in the morning I felt already tired. Then I started with Qigong and exercises and it improved my health enormously. I'm doing it now, I think four years, and it made me stronger. The tiredness is gone."Moot said the more you put into Qigong, a series of movements and postures that focuses on regulated breathing techniques, focused meditation and self-massage, the more a person will get out of it.He compared the practice to charging up a battery and added he had now turned his parents on to Qigong, as well as a friend's father who is battling cancer. "It's helping him also to relieve the pain a little and not to think constantly of this disease."According to various clinical studies, the regular practice of Qigong has shown to be beneficial in reducing stress, better balance, lowering blood pressure, enhancing the immune system, improving sleep patterns, as well as improved cardiovascular, respiratory, circulatory and digestive functions, among many others.Depending on who you talk to, the benefits of Health Qigong means different things to different people, according to practitioner Susan Gallin. The New Jersey nurse took up the practice 18 months ago after undergoing knee surgery."But after the surgery my knee was never back to normal. So someone suggested to take Qigong," she said. "And I started taking it and it was amazing. I guess maybe after a couple of months my knee started to feel better and I'm not 100 per cent right now, but I do really well. I can squat down, things I couldn't do before the surgery."Working in the medical industry, Gallin said she was at odds with the western mentality of taking pills for everything. She felt hospitals should offer more wellness programs than they do."Some of the hospitals in the United States offer such things that include this type of alternative medicine, but I don't think it's enough. Some of the bigger pharmaceutical companies offer wellness programs before the hospitals and you would think we are in a healthcare system that they would offer a wellness (program), try to keep you well so you don't get sick. I know for myself I always try to do whatever I can before I take a pill."Reg Carter knows what it is like to endure a steady diet of pills after having to take anti-inflammatories and painkillers for problems with his joints. For the past two years the native Derby, England, has been practicing Qigong and was in Vancouver as part of the British team taking part."I had shoulder injuries, a broken collarbone, arthritis of several joints, elbows, my hands, fingers and the mobility has improved considerably since I've been doing the Qigong. The mobility has improved and also with the strengthening through the lower body and legs. The back injuries has improved. I don't get so much pain and I find I can move about a lot more fluidly," he said."I just feel like I've had a lot more life balance. I feel a lot more calmer. My sleep pattern's improved. I don't get angry so often, and if I do I find that I can get to grips with it and keep a lot calmer."Toronto resident Karen Widmer has never endured the pain suffered by Carter, but credits the energy of Qigong in aiding the recovery of a broken wrist she suffered four years ago while studying a level one Qigong course.Through regular practice, Qigong practitioners are said to be able to direct the energy in the body, the qi, towards the limbs."I completed it (the course) with a broken wrist and I could feel the energy repair much faster and the recovery time was better than they had actually thought," said the yoga instructor.Now totally hooked on Health Qigong and with 5,000 hours of practice to her credit, the 50-something Widmer explains it takes 10,000 hours of practice to achieve the title of "master.""While it looks like a physical process, it's actually very much more a spiritual process. Since we are electro-magnetic beings, it makes sense that we could send that current around in a positive way. But it does lead a person to longevity. It's a wellness that is authentic and I hope to be 100 years old and still doing it," she said."I have always enjoyed movement knowing that movement is health. And I would say that even people who aren't athletic can do this. It helps balance. Balance prevents falls, which prevents breakage. It is very beneficial to do this."

LOS ANGELES, July 5 (Xinhua) -- NASA's Juno spacecraft is 30 days away before its first launch window opens, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) announced on Tuesday."One month from today, our first launch window opens at 11:34 a. m. EDT (8:34 a.m. PDT) and lasts 69 minutes," said Jan Chodas, Juno project manager from NASA's JPL in Pasadena, Los Angeles."Our primary launch period is 22 days long, and so if weather or other issues come up on Aug. 5, we have 21 more days to get Juno flying. Once we get Juno into space, it's a five-year cruise to Jupiter.""The launch window is the length of time allotted every day for an attempt to launch the spacecraft," said Chodas. "The launch period is the period of time in days when everything is in the right place to get your mission off to the right start."For a mission like Juno, getting everything in the right place includes considering the size of the rocket and spacecraft, where our home planet -- and in particular Juno's launch pad -- is pointed at any moment, and its location in space relative to other celestial objects like Juno's final target, Jupiter.Juno is scheduled to launch aboard a United Launch Alliance Atlas V rocket from pad 41-C at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida.The solar-powered spacecraft will orbit Jupiter's poles 33 times to find out more about the gas giant's origins, structure, atmosphere and magnetosphere and investigate the existence of a solid planetary core.JPL manages the Juno mission for the principal investigator, Scott Bolton, of Southwest Research Institute in San Antonio.The Juno mission is part of the New Frontiers Program managed at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alaska. Lockheed Martin Space Systems, Denver, built the spacecraft.

LOS ANGELES, June 9 (Xinhua) -- The edge of our solar system may not be smooth, but filled with a turbulent sea of magnetic bubbles approximately 100 million miles (160 million kilometers) wide, NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) said on Thursday.The finding was based on observations from NASA's Voyager spacecraft, humanity's farthest deep space sentinels, said JPL in Pasadena, Los Angeles.While using a new computer model to analyze Voyager data, scientists found the sun's distant magnetic field is made up of bubbles which are created when magnetic field lines reorganize, said JPL.The new model suggests the field lines are broken up into self- contained structures disconnected from the solar magnetic field, according to JPL."The sun's magnetic field extends all the way to the edge of the solar system," said astronomer Merav Opher of Boston University. "Because the sun spins, its magnetic field becomes twisted and wrinkled, a bit like a ballerina's skirt. Far, far away from the sun, where the Voyagers are, the folds of the skirt bunch up."Like Earth, our sun has a magnetic field with a north pole and a south pole. The field lines are stretched outward by the solar wind, a stream of charged particles emanating from the star that interacts with material expelled from others in our corner of the Milky Way galaxy.Understanding the structure of the sun's magnetic field will allow scientists to explain how galactic cosmic rays enter our solar system and help define how the star interacts with the rest of the galaxy.The Voyager spacecraft, more than nine billion miles (14 billion kilometers) away from Earth, are traveling in a boundary region. In that area, the solar wind and magnetic field are affected by material expelled from other stars in our corner of the Milky Way galaxy.Launched in 1977, the Voyager twin spacecraft have been on a 33- year journey. They are en route to reach the edge of interstellar space. JPL built the spacecraft and continues to operate them.

TOKYO, Sept. 23 (Xinhua) -- Japan's H-2A rocket carrying a new information gathering satellite was launched at the Tanegashima Space Center in Kagoshima Prefecture on Friday, local media reported.Japan has already introduced three information-gathering satellites in the wake of a missile launch by Democratic People's Republic of Korea, and the latest one will replace the No. 2 satellite which has passed its use-by date, Kydo News said.Japan's H-2A rocket lifts off from the launchiung pad at the Tanegashima space centre in Kagoshima prefecture, Japan's southern island of Kyushu on September 23, 2011. Japan launched a new spy satellite into orbit September 23, officials saidThe development cost of the fourth satellite has reached 35.9 billion yen and its launch expenses have come to 10.4 billion yen, according to the government.The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd. were forced to put off the launch three times during the past four weeks due to the approach of a powerful typhoon and discovery of a system glitch. The rocket was initially scheduled to be sent into orbit on Aug. 28.

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