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WASHINGTON, Sept. 12 (Xinhua) -- An enzyme that appears to play a role in controlling the brain's response to nicotine and alcohol in mice might be a promising target for a drug that simultaneously would treat nicotine addiction and alcohol abuse in people, U.S. researchers find.Over the course of four weeks, mice genetically engineered to lack the gene for protein kinase C (PKC) epsilon consumed less of a nicotine-containing water solution than normal mice, and were less likely to return to a chamber in which they had been given nicotine. In contrast, normal mice steadily increased their consumption of nicotine solution while the mice lacking PKC epsilon did not.The study conducted by researchers at the Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, affiliated with the University of California, San Francisco, appeared Monday in the online edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.In normal mice, as in humans, nicotine binds to a certain class of nicotinic receptors located on dopamine neurons, which causes dopamine to be released in the brain. Dopamine creates a feeling of enjoyment, and thus prompts a sense of reward. Researchers found that mice lacking PKC epsilon are deficient in these nicotinic receptors.The finding complements earlier research in which researchers found that mice genetically engineered to lack the PKC epsilon enzyme drank less alcohol than normal mice and were disinclined to return to a chamber in which they had been given alcohol."This could mean that these mice might not get the same sense of reward from nicotine or alcohol," said Gallo senior associate director and investigator Robert Messing. "The enzyme looks like it regulates the part of the reward system that involves these nicotinic receptors."The reward system is a complex of areas in the brain that affect craving for nicotine, alcohol and other addictive substances.The next step in the research, said Messing, would be to develop compounds that inhibit PKC epsilon. The ultimate goal, he added, would be medications that could be used "to take the edge off of addiction by helping people get over some of their reward craving."

LOS ANGELES, June 14 (Xinhua) -- Rural elders are far more likely to be overweight or obese, physically inactive and food insecure than their suburban counterparts, three risk factors for heart disease, diabetes and repeated falls, a new study suggests."The countryside can have an isolating effect," said lead researcher Steven P. Wallace, deputy director of the Center for Health Policy Research at the University of California, Los Angeles. "When even a trip to the grocery store is a significant drive, seniors can become trapped in their houses."The researchers based their finding on analyzing the lifestyles and living conditions in California countryside.The study found that despite living in the countryside, where open space is plentiful and there is often significant agricultural production, California's more than half a million rural elders have higher rates of developing various health problems than their urban and suburban counterparts.These problems include:-- Older adults in rural areas are more often overweight or obese (61.3 percent) than their urban (57.3 percent) and suburban (54.0 percent) counterparts;-- Rural older adults do not get enough exercise;-- One in five rural elders do not participate in either moderate or vigorous physical activity in their leisure time;-- Rural and urban older adults are more likely to be food insecure; and-- One in five low-income older adults in rural settings report that they cannot consistently afford enough food to last the month, a rate is about twice that of low-income suburban adults.Approximately 710,000 Californians aged 65 and over live in the countryside -- almost one-fifth of all older adults in the state. Yet rural elders experience unique challenges to healthy living, including a lack of sidewalks, street lights, transportation services, access to healthy food outlets, parks, exercise facilities and health care sites. California's rural areas are also challenged by a dearth of physicians and other primary care providers, compelling many seniors to travel long distances to seek care, according to the study.The findings were published Tuesday on the website of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

WELLINGTON, July 26 (Xinhua) -- Children born early are less likely to develop serious behavioral problems than previously thought because previous studies may have relied too much on the opinions of "sensitive" parents, according to a controversial New Zealand research.The study by the Child Development Research Group at the University of Canterbury looked at the emotional and behavioral adjustment of children born very preterm (VPT).It showed that by age 6 children born very preterm (less than 33 weeks) were at an increased risk of emotional and attentional problems when compared with their full term peers, said a statement from the university.However, the findings suggested the risks may be lower than previous studies had suggested, because previous studies primarily relied on parents to provide information on their children's conditions, said lead author Samudragupta Bora."While parents are an important source of information about their child, it is also important to gather information from other significant people in the child's life such as their classroom teacher," said Bora.Bora and other members of the research team, found that parents reported higher rates of emotional and attention problems in their children than teachers did."Having a baby born prematurely is an extremely stressful experience for parents. During their baby's stay in the neonatal unit most parents will have been alerted to the possibility of their child developing problems such as behavioral difficulties in the future due to being born too early. Therefore, very understandably, many parents of these children are very sensitive to the possibility of developmental problems," he said."The use of multiple informants - parents, teachers and clinical observation - to assess VPT children's well-being is important to minimize the effects of report source bias and the over or under-identification of adjustment problems in children born VPT," said Bora."This is controversial because it shows that reliance on parents or teachers alone can lead to data validity issues."Although children born VPT were at higher risk of showing emotional and attentional problems, the risks of more severe problems were relatively modest, said Bora.The findings have been published the Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health.

VIENNA, Aug. 11 (Xinhua) -- Austrian researchers have developed a method of using fungi and produced enzymes to split Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) material into their initial state, enabling the recovery of all individual components, said the Austrian Center of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB) Thursday in a press release.Enzyme is a special protein that acts as biological catalyst, for example, bacteria and fungi in the nature can break down long chain molecules.Researchers from the Technical University of Graz, the Technical University of Vienna and the Agricultural University of Vienna jointly found that efficient enzymes are capable to break and split PET into small fragments.With different methods, the researchers forced the fungi to overproduce their precious "split-tools" after they are modified and improved by genetic engineering.Through the new method developed by the ACIB, it is now possible to decompose the PET polymer to its initial monomers with high product quality and from this to produce new high-quality materials again.This circuit avoids waste and thus saves resources and is friendly to the environment, said Geog Guebitz, head of the Research Department on Enzymes and Polymers in the ACIB.He further explained that the ACIB has established a partnership with some industrial enterprises to carry out application experiments. From the current splitting time of 24 hours, the researchers expect to shorten the whole process to "a few hours," he added.PET is a common plastic material in the polyester family, widely used in the textile industry. PET film is mainly used in electrical insulation materials, which can be also used for production of film, X-ray films and computer taps, even to produce plastic bottle and other blow molding products.

GENEVA, Aug. 19 (Xinhua) -- The World Health Organization (WHO) and the UN Children's Fund (UNICEF) started an emergency vaccination campaign in all accessible areas of South and Central Somalia, WTO spokesperson Tarek Jasarevic said here on Friday.In July 2011 alone, 1,019 suspected measles cases and 31 related deaths were reported in South and Central Somalia, representing 20 percent of all reported cases for this year.The major factors for a measles outbreak in Somalia are low coverage, malnutrition, population movements, and overcrowed internally displaced (IDP) camps."WHO fears that the measles outbreak could affect a high number of people, especially among the vulnerable IDPs whose overall health is already fragile," Jasarevic said.About 2.5 million children aged between 6 and 15 in 10 regions of South and Central Somalia, including children in Mogadishu, will be targeted during this campaign.