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WASHINGTON, June 6 (Xinhua) -- The tropics and much of the Northern Hemisphere are likely to experience an irreversible rise in summer temperatures within the next 20 to 60 years if atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations continue to increase, according to a new climate study by Stanford University scientists. The results will be published later this month in the journal Climatic Change.In the study, the Stanford team concluded that many tropical regions in Africa, Asia and South America could see "the permanent emergence of unprecedented summer heat" in the next two decades. Middle latitudes of Europe, China and North America -- including the United States -- are likely to undergo extreme summer temperature shifts within 60 years, the researchers found."According to our projections, large areas of the globe are likely to warm up so quickly that, by the middle of this century, even the coolest summers will be hotter than the hottest summers of the past 50 years," said the study's lead author, Noah Diffenbaugh, an assistant professor of environmental Earth system science and fellow at the Woods Institute for the Environment at Stanford. The study is co-authored by Stanford research assistant Martin Scherer."When scientists talk about global warming causing more heat waves, people often ask if that means that the hottest temperatures will become 'the new normal,'" Diffenbaugh said. " That got us thinking -- at what point can we expect the coolest seasonal temperatures to always be hotter than the historically highest temperatures for that season?"To determine the seasonal impact of global warming in coming decades, Diffenbaugh and Scherer analyzed more than 50 climate model experiments -- including computer simulations of the 21st century when global greenhouse gas concentrations are expected to increase, and simulations of the 20th century that accurately " predicted" the Earth's climate during the last 50 years. The analysis revealed that many parts of the planet could experience a permanent spike in seasonal temperatures within 60 years."We also analyzed historical data from weather stations around the world to see if the projected emergence of unprecedented heat had already begun," Diffenbaugh said. "It turns out that when we look back in time using temperature records, we find that this extreme heat emergence is occurring now, and that climate models represent the historical patterns remarkably well."According to both the climate model analysis and the historical weather data, the tropics are heating up the fastest. "We find that the most immediate increase in extreme seasonal heat occurs in the tropics, with up to 70 percent of seasons in the early 21st century (2010-2039) exceeding the late-20th century maximum," the authors wrote.Tropical regions may see the most dramatic changes first, but wide swaths of North America, China and Mediterranean Europe are also likely to enter into a new heat regime by 2070, according to the study.This dramatic shift in seasonal temperatures could have severe consequences for human health, agricultural production and ecosystem productivity, Diffenbaugh said. As an example, he pointed to record heat waves in Europe in 2003 that killed 40,000 people. He also cited studies showing that projected increases in summer temperatures in the Midwestern United States could reduce the harvest of staples, such as corn and soybeans, by more than 30 percent.

BEIJING, Aug. 16 (Xinhuanet) -- Almost one in four Chinese students aged between 12 and 14 have tried smoking, according to the results of a survey released by the Chinese Association on Tobacco Control (CATC).The survey, carried out among 38,839 students and 6,503 teachers from middle and high schools in 11 provinces across the country between May and June, showed that 22.5 percent of students aged between 12 and 14 had tried smoking and that 15.8 percent of middle and high school students smoke regularly."There are definitely quite a number of boy students in my class who smoke regularly as some have been found smoking outside campus during lunch break," said Li Xiaolan, an English teacher from a high school in Shanghai. The survey also found that 39 percent of students took their first cigarette from their classmates."It was quite common to smoke with my classmates at school and we usually smoked in toilets or in corners of the playground after lunch," said Zhou Guangrong, a 22-year-old university student from Guiyang, Guizhou province, who started smoking when he was 12.The majority of student smokers buy cigarettes themselves and about 76 percent of the adolescent smokers said that there is at least one cigarette shop within 200 meters from their school."When I was a student at middle and high schools, they were surrounded by cigarette shops," said Zhou who used to smoke two cigarettes per day in primary school and two packs per week in middle and high school."We're keen to show that more adolescents are starting smoking much younger than before, and that we need to minimize the number of young smokers," said Duan Jiali, secretary-general of the youth tobacco control commission under CATC. Duan added that teachers and parents should set a good example for teenagers by not smoking in front of them at school or at home, which is the most influential way of stopping adolescents from smoking.China banned smoking in 16 types of public indoor venues - including hospitals, schools, bars, restaurants and hotels - on May 1 in an attempt to curb tobacco use in the country with the world's largest number of smokers.Currently, there are more than 300 million smokers in China, and about 1.2 million people die from smoking-related diseases every year, accounting for one-fifth of the world's total, according to statistics from the World Health Organization."Meanwhile, about 540 million people are exposed to secondhand smoke, 48.9 percent of which are adolescents (from 15 to 19 years old)," said Xu Guihua, deputy director of the CATC."It's essential and urgent for us to control the number of adult smokers who potentially tempt adolescents to smoke."

BEIJING, Sept. 6 (Xinhuanet) -- A short-term memory loss may suggest the Alzheimer's disease, according to a new study made by Spanish researchers.The finding was published on Monday, in Archives of General Psychiatry, an American Medical Association journal.The researchers gathered data of 116 people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) who developed Alzheimer's disease within two years, 204 patients with the condition who didn't develop Alzheimer's and 197 people with no cognitive problems.Mild cognitive impairment is usually marked by difficulties with short-term memory, such as losing your train of thought repeatedly or having trouble remembering what you did yesterday, according to the study.After assessing them by biomarker tests and cognitive measures, the researcher found the cognitive markers can forecast the variance."Remarkably, they accounted for nearly 50% of the predictive variance," said Dr. Gomar of Centro de Investigation Biomedica en Red de Salud Mental, Barcelona, who led the research.Mild cognitive impairment at the start of the study was a stronger predictor of Alzheimer's than most biomarkers, the researchers concluded.

LOS ANGELES, Sept. 10 (Xinhua) -- Scientists at the University of California Los Angeles campus have announced that they have successfully used new prediction algorithms to forecast climate up to 16 months in advance.Professor Michael Ghil said in a UCLA news release Friday his team used new prediction algorithms based on matching ocean temperature records with new theories on how long-term climate trends are influenced by short-term weather extremes.That's twice as far into the future as previously accomplished.Ghil, a distinguished professor of climate dynamics in the UCLA Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences and senior author of the research, said the new prediction formulas will give climate experts and governments clues about long-term swings in the El Nino/La Nina oscillation in the Pacific Ocean, which drastically affects weather in the Americas, Asia and Australia.The new forecasting tool uses sea temperatures and has been tested on decades of historical data. The forecasts were then cross-checked against actual climate trends.The UCLA team also said that their 16-month forecasts were more accurate than previous forecasts that went only 8 months forward.Ghil emphasized that the forecasting tools are for climate, which is long-range, global patterns, but not for meteorology, which is short-term weather forecasting."Certain climate features might be predictable, although not in such detail as the temperature and whether it will rain in Los Angeles on such a day two years from now," said Ghil, who is also a member of UCLA's Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics. "These are averages over larger areas and longer time spans."The study is currently available online in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) and will be published in an upcoming print edition of the journal.